Alternative measures of environmental technology structure in DEA: An application

► Two approaches are followed to model environmental technology. ► RDM yields more realistic eco-performance targets compared to MSBM. ► GPDFM-based projected points always lie between RDM- and MSBM-based projected points. ► Different environmental DEA models yield different eco-efficiency estimates. ► Any environmental DEA model can be used for the eco-efficiency rankings of firms. The nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) literature on environmental efficiency ( EE) considers handling undesirable outputs in two alternative ways: either in their original forms with the assumption that these are weakly disposable or in various translated forms with the assumption that these are strongly disposable. Choosing a particular approach implies adoption of a particular, distinct treatment of undesirable outputs, and hence yields a distinct set of EE estimates. To explore the effects of the interplay between choice of EE measure and specific treatment of undesirable outputs, this paper attempts to generate all possible output-oriented EE measures based on these two alternative approaches. Furthermore, guided by the argument that slacks are important in identifying properly the efficiency behavior of firms, it proposes two new alternative, slacks-based formulations of EE: one based on the range directional model, and the other on the generalized proportional distance function model. Using a confected data set of ten firms and a real-life data set of 22 OECD countries, our empirical analysis reveals that: first, EE scores are influenced not only by the choice of disposability assumption for undesirable outputs but also by the way these are treated in various translated forms; second, the choice of any particular treatment of undesirable outputs plays no role in influencing the rankings of firms; and third, our two new alternative EE formulations are, at the least, viable alternatives to existing EE measures in ranking firms according to their eco-efficiency behavior.