Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations
Purpose Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, es...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | International archives of occupational and environmental health 2012-04, Vol.85 (3), p.317-325 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 325 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 317 |
| container_title | International archives of occupational and environmental health |
| container_volume | 85 |
| creator | Hines, Cynthia J. Hopf, Nancy B. Deddens, James A. Silva, Manori J. Calafat, Antonia M. |
| description | Purpose
Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, estimate DiNP daily intake for these workers, and compare worker estimates to other populations.
Methods
We assessed DiNP exposure in participants from two companies that manufactured PVC materials, a PVC film manufacturer (
n
= 25) and a PVC custom compounder (
n
= 12). A mid-shift and end-shift urine sample was collected from each participant and analyzed for the DiNP metabolite mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP). Mixed models were used to assess the effect on MCiOP concentrations of a worker being assigned to (1) a task using DiNP and (2) a shift where DiNP was used. A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate DiNP daily intake from the MCiOP concentrations.
Results
Creatinine-adjusted MCiOP urinary concentrations ranged from 0.42–80 μg/g in PVC film and from 1.11–13.4 μg/g in PVC compounding. PVC film participants who worked on a task using DiNP (
n
= 7) had the highest MCiOP geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentration (25.2 μg/g), followed by participants who worked on a shift where DiNP was used (
n
= 11) (17.7 μg/g) as compared to participants with no task (2.92 μg/g) or shift (2.08 μg/g) exposure to DiNP. The GM end-shift MCiOP concentration in PVC compounding participants (4.80 μg/g) was comparable to PVC film participants with no task or shift exposure to DiNP. Because no PVC compounding participants were assigned to tasks using DINP on the day sampled, DiNP exposure in this company may be underestimated. The highest DiNP intake estimate was 26 μg/kg/day.
Conclusion
Occupational exposure to DiNP associated with PVC film manufacturing tasks were substantially higher (sixfold to tenfold) than adult general population exposures; however, all daily intake estimates were less than 25% of current United States or European acceptable or tolerable daily intake estimates. Further characterization of DiNP occupational exposures in other industries is recommended. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1008841069</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2607971631</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-d93eb22b6c42c77fec57729cbf3511482ff2e611546de3be35bff5a12ec9999b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kE9P3DAQxS3UCra0H6CXyqqEBIe0_pd4c0TQFiRUemjPqeOMWSNvnHoSxPLpcboLSJU6lzm837yZeYS85-wTZ0x_RsaUYAXjvGCVVsXDHllwJUXBhapekQWTalYlPyBvEG8Z47rScp8cCK4ZX0q5IL-vrZ0GM_rYm0Dhfog4JaBjpJ33GPvYbwIdVuPKBDMCPT7333-cUN_TIYbNnZ9Vuwox-Q7okKIFRN_f0DhA-muKb8lrZwLCu10_JL--fvl5dlFcXX-7PDu9KqySciy6WkIrRFtZJazWDmyptaht62TJuVoK5wRUnJeq6kC2IMvWudJwAbbO1cpDcrz1zVf8mQDHZu3RQgimhzhhkwNbLhVnVZ3Rj_-gt3FK-X9saqE1K5USGeJbyKaImMA1Q_JrkzbZaTbTzTb9JqffzOk3D3nmw854atfQPU88xZ2Box1g0JrgkumtxxeurJRUel4uthxmqb-B9HLh_7c_AjH2nco</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>927705442</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Hines, Cynthia J. ; Hopf, Nancy B. ; Deddens, James A. ; Silva, Manori J. ; Calafat, Antonia M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cynthia J. ; Hopf, Nancy B. ; Deddens, James A. ; Silva, Manori J. ; Calafat, Antonia M.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, estimate DiNP daily intake for these workers, and compare worker estimates to other populations.
Methods
We assessed DiNP exposure in participants from two companies that manufactured PVC materials, a PVC film manufacturer (
n
= 25) and a PVC custom compounder (
n
= 12). A mid-shift and end-shift urine sample was collected from each participant and analyzed for the DiNP metabolite mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP). Mixed models were used to assess the effect on MCiOP concentrations of a worker being assigned to (1) a task using DiNP and (2) a shift where DiNP was used. A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate DiNP daily intake from the MCiOP concentrations.
Results
Creatinine-adjusted MCiOP urinary concentrations ranged from 0.42–80 μg/g in PVC film and from 1.11–13.4 μg/g in PVC compounding. PVC film participants who worked on a task using DiNP (
n
= 7) had the highest MCiOP geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentration (25.2 μg/g), followed by participants who worked on a shift where DiNP was used (
n
= 11) (17.7 μg/g) as compared to participants with no task (2.92 μg/g) or shift (2.08 μg/g) exposure to DiNP. The GM end-shift MCiOP concentration in PVC compounding participants (4.80 μg/g) was comparable to PVC film participants with no task or shift exposure to DiNP. Because no PVC compounding participants were assigned to tasks using DINP on the day sampled, DiNP exposure in this company may be underestimated. The highest DiNP intake estimate was 26 μg/kg/day.
Conclusion
Occupational exposure to DiNP associated with PVC film manufacturing tasks were substantially higher (sixfold to tenfold) than adult general population exposures; however, all daily intake estimates were less than 25% of current United States or European acceptable or tolerable daily intake estimates. Further characterization of DiNP occupational exposures in other industries is recommended.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0340-0131</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1246</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21701833</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IAEHDW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomarkers - urine ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Chemical Industry ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring ; Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metabolites ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational hazards ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original Article ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phthalates ; Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics ; Phthalic Acids - urine ; Polyvinyl Chloride ; Rehabilitation ; Toxicology ; Various organic compounds ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2012-04, Vol.85 (3), p.317-325</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag (outside the USA) 2011</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-d93eb22b6c42c77fec57729cbf3511482ff2e611546de3be35bff5a12ec9999b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-d93eb22b6c42c77fec57729cbf3511482ff2e611546de3be35bff5a12ec9999b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906,41469,42538,51300</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25643472$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21701833$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cynthia J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopf, Nancy B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deddens, James A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Manori J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calafat, Antonia M.</creatorcontrib><title>Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations</title><title>International archives of occupational and environmental health</title><addtitle>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</addtitle><addtitle>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</addtitle><description>Purpose
Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, estimate DiNP daily intake for these workers, and compare worker estimates to other populations.
Methods
We assessed DiNP exposure in participants from two companies that manufactured PVC materials, a PVC film manufacturer (
n
= 25) and a PVC custom compounder (
n
= 12). A mid-shift and end-shift urine sample was collected from each participant and analyzed for the DiNP metabolite mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP). Mixed models were used to assess the effect on MCiOP concentrations of a worker being assigned to (1) a task using DiNP and (2) a shift where DiNP was used. A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate DiNP daily intake from the MCiOP concentrations.
Results
Creatinine-adjusted MCiOP urinary concentrations ranged from 0.42–80 μg/g in PVC film and from 1.11–13.4 μg/g in PVC compounding. PVC film participants who worked on a task using DiNP (
n
= 7) had the highest MCiOP geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentration (25.2 μg/g), followed by participants who worked on a shift where DiNP was used (
n
= 11) (17.7 μg/g) as compared to participants with no task (2.92 μg/g) or shift (2.08 μg/g) exposure to DiNP. The GM end-shift MCiOP concentration in PVC compounding participants (4.80 μg/g) was comparable to PVC film participants with no task or shift exposure to DiNP. Because no PVC compounding participants were assigned to tasks using DINP on the day sampled, DiNP exposure in this company may be underestimated. The highest DiNP intake estimate was 26 μg/kg/day.
Conclusion
Occupational exposure to DiNP associated with PVC film manufacturing tasks were substantially higher (sixfold to tenfold) than adult general population exposures; however, all daily intake estimates were less than 25% of current United States or European acceptable or tolerable daily intake estimates. Further characterization of DiNP occupational exposures in other industries is recommended.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomarkers - urine</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Chemical Industry</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational hazards</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Phthalates</subject><subject>Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Phthalic Acids - urine</subject><subject>Polyvinyl Chloride</subject><subject>Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Various organic compounds</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0340-0131</issn><issn>1432-1246</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kE9P3DAQxS3UCra0H6CXyqqEBIe0_pd4c0TQFiRUemjPqeOMWSNvnHoSxPLpcboLSJU6lzm837yZeYS85-wTZ0x_RsaUYAXjvGCVVsXDHllwJUXBhapekQWTalYlPyBvEG8Z47rScp8cCK4ZX0q5IL-vrZ0GM_rYm0Dhfog4JaBjpJ33GPvYbwIdVuPKBDMCPT7333-cUN_TIYbNnZ9Vuwox-Q7okKIFRN_f0DhA-muKb8lrZwLCu10_JL--fvl5dlFcXX-7PDu9KqySciy6WkIrRFtZJazWDmyptaht62TJuVoK5wRUnJeq6kC2IMvWudJwAbbO1cpDcrz1zVf8mQDHZu3RQgimhzhhkwNbLhVnVZ3Rj_-gt3FK-X9saqE1K5USGeJbyKaImMA1Q_JrkzbZaTbTzTb9JqffzOk3D3nmw854atfQPU88xZ2Box1g0JrgkumtxxeurJRUel4uthxmqb-B9HLh_7c_AjH2nco</recordid><startdate>20120401</startdate><enddate>20120401</enddate><creator>Hines, Cynthia J.</creator><creator>Hopf, Nancy B.</creator><creator>Deddens, James A.</creator><creator>Silva, Manori J.</creator><creator>Calafat, Antonia M.</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7U2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120401</creationdate><title>Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations</title><author>Hines, Cynthia J. ; Hopf, Nancy B. ; Deddens, James A. ; Silva, Manori J. ; Calafat, Antonia M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-d93eb22b6c42c77fec57729cbf3511482ff2e611546de3be35bff5a12ec9999b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomarkers - urine</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Chemical Industry</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational hazards</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Phthalates</topic><topic>Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Phthalic Acids - urine</topic><topic>Polyvinyl Chloride</topic><topic>Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>Various organic compounds</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cynthia J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopf, Nancy B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deddens, James A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Manori J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calafat, Antonia M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><jtitle>International archives of occupational and environmental health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hines, Cynthia J.</au><au>Hopf, Nancy B.</au><au>Deddens, James A.</au><au>Silva, Manori J.</au><au>Calafat, Antonia M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations</atitle><jtitle>International archives of occupational and environmental health</jtitle><stitle>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</stitle><addtitle>Int Arch Occup Environ Health</addtitle><date>2012-04-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>85</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>317</spage><epage>325</epage><pages>317-325</pages><issn>0340-0131</issn><eissn>1432-1246</eissn><coden>IAEHDW</coden><abstract>Purpose
Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, estimate DiNP daily intake for these workers, and compare worker estimates to other populations.
Methods
We assessed DiNP exposure in participants from two companies that manufactured PVC materials, a PVC film manufacturer (
n
= 25) and a PVC custom compounder (
n
= 12). A mid-shift and end-shift urine sample was collected from each participant and analyzed for the DiNP metabolite mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP). Mixed models were used to assess the effect on MCiOP concentrations of a worker being assigned to (1) a task using DiNP and (2) a shift where DiNP was used. A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate DiNP daily intake from the MCiOP concentrations.
Results
Creatinine-adjusted MCiOP urinary concentrations ranged from 0.42–80 μg/g in PVC film and from 1.11–13.4 μg/g in PVC compounding. PVC film participants who worked on a task using DiNP (
n
= 7) had the highest MCiOP geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentration (25.2 μg/g), followed by participants who worked on a shift where DiNP was used (
n
= 11) (17.7 μg/g) as compared to participants with no task (2.92 μg/g) or shift (2.08 μg/g) exposure to DiNP. The GM end-shift MCiOP concentration in PVC compounding participants (4.80 μg/g) was comparable to PVC film participants with no task or shift exposure to DiNP. Because no PVC compounding participants were assigned to tasks using DINP on the day sampled, DiNP exposure in this company may be underestimated. The highest DiNP intake estimate was 26 μg/kg/day.
Conclusion
Occupational exposure to DiNP associated with PVC film manufacturing tasks were substantially higher (sixfold to tenfold) than adult general population exposures; however, all daily intake estimates were less than 25% of current United States or European acceptable or tolerable daily intake estimates. Further characterization of DiNP occupational exposures in other industries is recommended.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>21701833</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0340-0131 |
| ispartof | International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2012-04, Vol.85 (3), p.317-325 |
| issn | 0340-0131 1432-1246 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1008841069 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - urine Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Chemical Industry Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Exposure Female Humans Male Medical sciences Metabolites Middle Aged Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational hazards Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Pharmacokinetics Phthalates Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics Phthalic Acids - urine Polyvinyl Chloride Rehabilitation Toxicology Various organic compounds Young Adult |
| title | Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-19T05%3A07%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Occupational%20exposure%20to%20diisononyl%20phthalate%20(DiNP)%20in%20polyvinyl%20chloride%20processing%20operations&rft.jtitle=International%20archives%20of%20occupational%20and%20environmental%20health&rft.au=Hines,%20Cynthia%20J.&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=317&rft.epage=325&rft.pages=317-325&rft.issn=0340-0131&rft.eissn=1432-1246&rft.coden=IAEHDW&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2607971631%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=927705442&rft_id=info:pmid/21701833&rfr_iscdi=true |