Sodium Intake Is Associated With Parasympathetic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Mild Hypertension
Background Although the impairment of parasympathetic cardiac control was described in hypertensives submitted to a high salt diet, the impact of this autonomic abnormality on metabolic and inflammation markers in patients with mild hypertension has not been explored. Methods Four hundred and ninety...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of hypertension 2012-05, Vol.25 (5), p.620-624 |
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| creator | González, Sergio A. Forcada, Pedro Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de Inserra, Felipe Svane, J. Chiabaut Obregón, Sebastian Castellaro, Carlos Olano, Daniel Hita, Alejandro Kotliar, Carol V. |
| description | Background
Although the impairment of parasympathetic cardiac control was described in hypertensives submitted to a high salt diet, the impact of this autonomic abnormality on metabolic and inflammation markers in patients with mild hypertension has not been explored.
Methods
Four hundred and ninety mild essential hypertensive patients (144 ± 9/94 ± 9 mm Hg, 49.5 ± 13.9 years, 67.9 % male) were studied. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by measuring 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UNa), and the patients were classified according to UNa levels as follows: low ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/ajh.2012.10 |
| format | Article |
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Although the impairment of parasympathetic cardiac control was described in hypertensives submitted to a high salt diet, the impact of this autonomic abnormality on metabolic and inflammation markers in patients with mild hypertension has not been explored.
Methods
Four hundred and ninety mild essential hypertensive patients (144 ± 9/94 ± 9 mm Hg, 49.5 ± 13.9 years, 67.9 % male) were studied. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by measuring 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UNa), and the patients were classified according to UNa levels as follows: low (<50 mEq/l), medium (50-99 mEq/l), and high UNa (≥100 mEq/l). Parasympathetic tone was evaluated by assessing heart rate recovery (HRR) after an exercise stress test. HRR, plasma lipids, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers were compared across UNa groups.
Results
HRR and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were progressively lower, and insulin (INS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAir), ultrasensitive-C-reactive protein (usCRP) were progressively higher across increasing UNa groups. In the low and medium UNa groups, HDL-cholesterol was higher and CRP was lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Dunnett post-hoc test). In the low UNa group, triglycerides (TGs), INS, and HOMAir were lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that UNa, HOMAir, and heart rate (HR) were negatively associated with HRR (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions
In the essential hypertensive patients studied high sodium intake is associated with parasympathetic inhibition, lipid disturbances, and inflammation. Studies designed to assess causality between sodium intake and metabolic and autonomic status are needed to evaluate the relevance of controlling sodium intake, especially in hypertensive patients.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0895-7061</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1941-7225</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1905</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.10</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22357414</identifier><identifier>CODEN: AJHYE6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basingstoke: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adult ; Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood and lymphatic vessels ; C-Reactive Protein - metabolism ; Cardiology. Vascular system ; Cholesterol, HDL - blood ; Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology ; Female ; Glucose - metabolism ; Heart Rate - physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension - metabolism ; Insulin - blood ; Insulin Resistance - physiology ; Lipids - blood ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Parasympathetic Nervous System - drug effects ; Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Sodium - urine ; Sodium, Dietary - pharmacology</subject><ispartof>American journal of hypertension, 2012-05, Vol.25 (5), p.620-624</ispartof><rights>American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. © 2012 by the American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. 2012</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group May 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-b1505bf70021d79f8c07586f101338bd663171fb9927f27628e1d277d3dea77f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-b1505bf70021d79f8c07586f101338bd663171fb9927f27628e1d277d3dea77f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25840121$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357414$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>González, Sergio A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forcada, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inserra, Felipe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Svane, J. Chiabaut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Obregón, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castellaro, Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olano, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hita, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotliar, Carol V.</creatorcontrib><title>Sodium Intake Is Associated With Parasympathetic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Mild Hypertension</title><title>American journal of hypertension</title><addtitle>Am J Hypertens</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Background
Although the impairment of parasympathetic cardiac control was described in hypertensives submitted to a high salt diet, the impact of this autonomic abnormality on metabolic and inflammation markers in patients with mild hypertension has not been explored.
Methods
Four hundred and ninety mild essential hypertensive patients (144 ± 9/94 ± 9 mm Hg, 49.5 ± 13.9 years, 67.9 % male) were studied. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by measuring 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UNa), and the patients were classified according to UNa levels as follows: low (<50 mEq/l), medium (50-99 mEq/l), and high UNa (≥100 mEq/l). Parasympathetic tone was evaluated by assessing heart rate recovery (HRR) after an exercise stress test. HRR, plasma lipids, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers were compared across UNa groups.
Results
HRR and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were progressively lower, and insulin (INS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAir), ultrasensitive-C-reactive protein (usCRP) were progressively higher across increasing UNa groups. In the low and medium UNa groups, HDL-cholesterol was higher and CRP was lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Dunnett post-hoc test). In the low UNa group, triglycerides (TGs), INS, and HOMAir were lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that UNa, HOMAir, and heart rate (HR) were negatively associated with HRR (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions
In the essential hypertensive patients studied high sodium intake is associated with parasympathetic inhibition, lipid disturbances, and inflammation. Studies designed to assess causality between sodium intake and metabolic and autonomic status are needed to evaluate the relevance of controlling sodium intake, especially in hypertensive patients.]]></description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood and lymphatic vessels</subject><subject>C-Reactive Protein - metabolism</subject><subject>Cardiology. Vascular system</subject><subject>Cholesterol, HDL - blood</subject><subject>Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension - metabolism</subject><subject>Insulin - blood</subject><subject>Insulin Resistance - physiology</subject><subject>Lipids - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Parasympathetic Nervous System - drug effects</subject><subject>Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Sodium - urine</subject><subject>Sodium, Dietary - pharmacology</subject><issn>0895-7061</issn><issn>1941-7225</issn><issn>1879-1905</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp90E1r3DAQBmBRGprNtqfei6A0FIJTjWxZ9jGEtllISKEJORpZH6y2tuRI8mH_fWR220IPPYkRD-8ML0LvgVwCKZsvYre9pARonl6hFbQVFJxS9hqtSNOygpMaTtFZjDtCSFXX8AadUloyXkG1QvKnV3Ye8cYl8UvjTcRXMXppRdIKP9m0xT9EEHE_TiJtdbISP3insXAK3-kkej_kr4WMOukQsXX4zg4K3-wnHZJ20Xr3Fp0YMUT97viu0eO3rw_XN8Xt_ffN9dVtIStgqeiBEdYbTggFxVvTSMJZUxsgUJZNr-q6BA6mb1vKDeU1bTQoyrkqlRacm3KNPh9yp-CfZx1TN9oo9TAIp_0cO8jJDFhdlZl-_Ifu_Bxcvm5Ry0ZSkawuDkoGH2PQppuCHUXYZ9Qt3Xe5-27pfpnW6MMxc-5Hrf7Y32Vn8OkIRJRiMEE4aeNfx5oqR0F25wfn5-m_G18AogGWSw</recordid><startdate>20120501</startdate><enddate>20120501</enddate><creator>González, Sergio A.</creator><creator>Forcada, Pedro</creator><creator>Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de</creator><creator>Inserra, Felipe</creator><creator>Svane, J. Chiabaut</creator><creator>Obregón, Sebastian</creator><creator>Castellaro, Carlos</creator><creator>Olano, Daniel</creator><creator>Hita, Alejandro</creator><creator>Kotliar, Carol V.</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120501</creationdate><title>Sodium Intake Is Associated With Parasympathetic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Mild Hypertension</title><author>González, Sergio A. ; Forcada, Pedro ; Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de ; Inserra, Felipe ; Svane, J. Chiabaut ; Obregón, Sebastian ; Castellaro, Carlos ; Olano, Daniel ; Hita, Alejandro ; Kotliar, Carol V.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c415t-b1505bf70021d79f8c07586f101338bd663171fb9927f27628e1d277d3dea77f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood and lymphatic vessels</topic><topic>C-Reactive Protein - metabolism</topic><topic>Cardiology. Vascular system</topic><topic>Cholesterol, HDL - blood</topic><topic>Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glucose - metabolism</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertension - metabolism</topic><topic>Insulin - blood</topic><topic>Insulin Resistance - physiology</topic><topic>Lipids - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Parasympathetic Nervous System - drug effects</topic><topic>Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Sodium - urine</topic><topic>Sodium, Dietary - pharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>González, Sergio A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forcada, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inserra, Felipe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Svane, J. Chiabaut</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Obregón, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castellaro, Carlos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olano, Daniel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hita, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotliar, Carol V.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>American journal of hypertension</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>González, Sergio A.</au><au>Forcada, Pedro</au><au>Cavanagh, Elena M.V. de</au><au>Inserra, Felipe</au><au>Svane, J. Chiabaut</au><au>Obregón, Sebastian</au><au>Castellaro, Carlos</au><au>Olano, Daniel</au><au>Hita, Alejandro</au><au>Kotliar, Carol V.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sodium Intake Is Associated With Parasympathetic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Mild Hypertension</atitle><jtitle>American journal of hypertension</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Hypertens</addtitle><date>2012-05-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>620</spage><epage>624</epage><pages>620-624</pages><issn>0895-7061</issn><eissn>1941-7225</eissn><eissn>1879-1905</eissn><coden>AJHYE6</coden><abstract><![CDATA[Background
Although the impairment of parasympathetic cardiac control was described in hypertensives submitted to a high salt diet, the impact of this autonomic abnormality on metabolic and inflammation markers in patients with mild hypertension has not been explored.
Methods
Four hundred and ninety mild essential hypertensive patients (144 ± 9/94 ± 9 mm Hg, 49.5 ± 13.9 years, 67.9 % male) were studied. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by measuring 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UNa), and the patients were classified according to UNa levels as follows: low (<50 mEq/l), medium (50-99 mEq/l), and high UNa (≥100 mEq/l). Parasympathetic tone was evaluated by assessing heart rate recovery (HRR) after an exercise stress test. HRR, plasma lipids, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers were compared across UNa groups.
Results
HRR and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were progressively lower, and insulin (INS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAir), ultrasensitive-C-reactive protein (usCRP) were progressively higher across increasing UNa groups. In the low and medium UNa groups, HDL-cholesterol was higher and CRP was lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Dunnett post-hoc test). In the low UNa group, triglycerides (TGs), INS, and HOMAir were lower than that in high UNa (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that UNa, HOMAir, and heart rate (HR) were negatively associated with HRR (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions
In the essential hypertensive patients studied high sodium intake is associated with parasympathetic inhibition, lipid disturbances, and inflammation. Studies designed to assess causality between sodium intake and metabolic and autonomic status are needed to evaluate the relevance of controlling sodium intake, especially in hypertensive patients.]]></abstract><cop>Basingstoke</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>22357414</pmid><doi>10.1038/ajh.2012.10</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension Biological and medical sciences Blood and lymphatic vessels C-Reactive Protein - metabolism Cardiology. Vascular system Cholesterol, HDL - blood Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology Female Glucose - metabolism Heart Rate - physiology Humans Hypertension - metabolism Insulin - blood Insulin Resistance - physiology Lipids - blood Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Parasympathetic Nervous System - drug effects Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology Regression Analysis Sodium - urine Sodium, Dietary - pharmacology |
| title | Sodium Intake Is Associated With Parasympathetic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Mild Hypertension |
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