Past, Present, and Future Exceedance of Critical Loads of Acidity for Surface Waters in Finland
A critical load is a deposition limit below which harmful effects for a given ecosystem do not occur; the approach has underpinned European sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) effects-based emission reduction policies during the last two decades. Surface waters are an important resource in Finland, as such...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2012-04, Vol.46 (8), p.4507-4514 |
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| creator | Posch, Maximilian Aherne, Julian Forsius, Martin Rask, Martti |
| description | A critical load is a deposition limit below which harmful effects for a given ecosystem do not occur; the approach has underpinned European sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) effects-based emission reduction policies during the last two decades. Surface waters are an important resource in Finland, as such the development of models and determination of critical loads has played a central role in supporting their recovery from acidification or preservation of ecosystem health. Critical loads of acidity for Finnish lakes were determined using the steady-state First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model in conjunction with comprehensive national surveys of surface waters (headwater lakes; n = 1066) and soils. In the 1980s almost 60% of the study lakes were exceeded, impacting brown trout and perch populations. The steep decline in emissions and acidic (S and N) deposition during the last two decades has reduced exceedance to |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/es300332r |
| format | Article |
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The critical load approach has been instrumental in assessing impacts to surface waters in Finland and directing effects-based emission reduction policies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/es300332r</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22428776</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ESTHAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Applied ecology ; Applied sciences ; Biological and medical sciences ; Continental surface waters ; Earth sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics ; Environmental Monitoring ; Exact sciences and technology ; Finland ; Fresh water environment ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. 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Sci. Technol</addtitle><description>A critical load is a deposition limit below which harmful effects for a given ecosystem do not occur; the approach has underpinned European sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) effects-based emission reduction policies during the last two decades. Surface waters are an important resource in Finland, as such the development of models and determination of critical loads has played a central role in supporting their recovery from acidification or preservation of ecosystem health. Critical loads of acidity for Finnish lakes were determined using the steady-state First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model in conjunction with comprehensive national surveys of surface waters (headwater lakes; n = 1066) and soils. In the 1980s almost 60% of the study lakes were exceeded, impacting brown trout and perch populations. The steep decline in emissions and acidic (S and N) deposition during the last two decades has reduced exceedance to <10%, and by 2020 exceedance is predicted to reach preindustrial (1880) levels. In concert with these reductions, chemical and biological recovery has been observed. The critical load approach has been instrumental in assessing impacts to surface waters in Finland and directing effects-based emission reduction policies.</description><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Continental surface waters</subject><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Finland</subject><subject>Fresh water environment</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Lakes - chemistry</subject><subject>Models, Theoretical</subject><subject>Natural water pollution</subject><subject>Nitrogen - analysis</subject><subject>Perches</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution, environment geology</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>Sulfur - analysis</subject><subject>Water treatment and pollution</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkE1LAzEQhoMoWj8O_gHJRVBwNZNkm-2xlFaFgoKK3pbZ7ARS2l1NdkH_vZHWevEQJgwP78w8jJ2CuAYh4YaiEkIpGXbYAHIpsrzIYZcNhACVjdTw7YAdxrgQQkglin12IKWWhTHDASsfMXZX_DFQpCZ9sKn5rO_6QHz6aYlqbCzx1vFJ8J23uOTzFuv40xlbX_vui7s28Kc-OEzgK3YUIvcNn_lmmcKO2Z7DZaSTTT1iL7Pp8-Qumz_c3k_G8wyVzrvMoM4NoEWwlF5egdGmHo5AKeEMkXBSYW1qqEBpAaigcOAq47SrtB1V6ohdrHPfQ_vRU-zKlY-WlmkHavtYQro9FyMNOqGXa9SGNsZArnwPfoXhK0Hlj89y6zOxZ5vYvlpRvSV_BSbgfANgTHZcSL58_OPyAiSkrC2HNpaLtg9NsvHPwG_tnIf-</recordid><startdate>20120417</startdate><enddate>20120417</enddate><creator>Posch, Maximilian</creator><creator>Aherne, Julian</creator><creator>Forsius, Martin</creator><creator>Rask, Martti</creator><general>American Chemical Society</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120417</creationdate><title>Past, Present, and Future Exceedance of Critical Loads of Acidity for Surface Waters in Finland</title><author>Posch, Maximilian ; Aherne, Julian ; Forsius, Martin ; Rask, Martti</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a345t-7a4571aca1cea1c5b1747d691330f7ee0f23ad7d1b13401a318f1fb7f4fb4c9b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Continental surface waters</topic><topic>Earth sciences</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</topic><topic>Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Finland</topic><topic>Fresh water environment</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</topic><topic>Lakes - chemistry</topic><topic>Models, Theoretical</topic><topic>Natural water pollution</topic><topic>Nitrogen - analysis</topic><topic>Perches</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Pollution, environment geology</topic><topic>Population Density</topic><topic>Sulfur - analysis</topic><topic>Water treatment and pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Posch, Maximilian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aherne, Julian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsius, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rask, Martti</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Posch, Maximilian</au><au>Aherne, Julian</au><au>Forsius, Martin</au><au>Rask, Martti</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Past, Present, and Future Exceedance of Critical Loads of Acidity for Surface Waters in Finland</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2012-04-17</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>46</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>4507</spage><epage>4514</epage><pages>4507-4514</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><coden>ESTHAG</coden><abstract>A critical load is a deposition limit below which harmful effects for a given ecosystem do not occur; the approach has underpinned European sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) effects-based emission reduction policies during the last two decades. Surface waters are an important resource in Finland, as such the development of models and determination of critical loads has played a central role in supporting their recovery from acidification or preservation of ecosystem health. Critical loads of acidity for Finnish lakes were determined using the steady-state First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model in conjunction with comprehensive national surveys of surface waters (headwater lakes; n = 1066) and soils. In the 1980s almost 60% of the study lakes were exceeded, impacting brown trout and perch populations. The steep decline in emissions and acidic (S and N) deposition during the last two decades has reduced exceedance to <10%, and by 2020 exceedance is predicted to reach preindustrial (1880) levels. In concert with these reductions, chemical and biological recovery has been observed. The critical load approach has been instrumental in assessing impacts to surface waters in Finland and directing effects-based emission reduction policies.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Chemical Society</pub><pmid>22428776</pmid><doi>10.1021/es300332r</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Air Pollutants - analysis Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Applied sciences Biological and medical sciences Continental surface waters Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics Environmental Monitoring Exact sciences and technology Finland Fresh water environment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lakes - chemistry Models, Theoretical Natural water pollution Nitrogen - analysis Perches Pollution Pollution, environment geology Population Density Sulfur - analysis Water treatment and pollution |
| title | Past, Present, and Future Exceedance of Critical Loads of Acidity for Surface Waters in Finland |
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