Health care supply and county-level variation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications
ABSTRACT Purpose Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2012-04, Vol.21 (4), p.442-449 |
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| creator | Bruckner, Tim A. Hodgson, Ashley Mahoney, Chris Brown Fulton, Brent D. Levine, Peter Scheffler, Richard M. |
| description | ABSTRACT
Purpose
Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.
Methods
We retrieved annual prescription data for ADHD medications in 2734 US counties from a nationally representative sample of 35 000 pharmacies in 2001–2003. We used a county‐level, multivariable fixed effects analysis to estimate the relation between annual changes in healthcare supply and ADHD medication prescriptions. Methods controlled for time‐invariant factors unique to each county as well as ADHD prevalence.
Results
From 2001 to 2003, retail prescription purchases for ADHD medications increased 33.2%. In the multivariable analysis, ADHD medication prescriptions move positively with an increase in the concentration of total physicians. In addition, ADHD medication prescriptions move inversely with changes in the percentage of non‐Hispanic Black population.
Conclusions
Supply‐side healthcare factors may contribute to the rise from 2001 to 2003 in ADHD medication prescriptions. This finding warrants attention because it implies that the relative capacity of the healthcare system may influence population prescription rates. We encourage further exploration of the contribution of the supply‐side of the healthcare market to secular changes in ADHD medication prescriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/pds.2264 |
| format | Article |
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Purpose
Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.
Methods
We retrieved annual prescription data for ADHD medications in 2734 US counties from a nationally representative sample of 35 000 pharmacies in 2001–2003. We used a county‐level, multivariable fixed effects analysis to estimate the relation between annual changes in healthcare supply and ADHD medication prescriptions. Methods controlled for time‐invariant factors unique to each county as well as ADHD prevalence.
Results
From 2001 to 2003, retail prescription purchases for ADHD medications increased 33.2%. In the multivariable analysis, ADHD medication prescriptions move positively with an increase in the concentration of total physicians. In addition, ADHD medication prescriptions move inversely with changes in the percentage of non‐Hispanic Black population.
Conclusions
Supply‐side healthcare factors may contribute to the rise from 2001 to 2003 in ADHD medication prescriptions. This finding warrants attention because it implies that the relative capacity of the healthcare system may influence population prescription rates. We encourage further exploration of the contribution of the supply‐side of the healthcare market to secular changes in ADHD medication prescriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1053-8569</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1099-1557</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/pds.2264</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22021031</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>ADHD ; Adolescent ; African Americans - statistics & numerical data ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - drug therapy ; behavioral disorder ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Databases, Factual ; Delivery of Health Care - statistics & numerical data ; Female ; geographic variation ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Physicians - supply & distribution ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' - statistics & numerical data ; prescriptions ; small area ; supply-driven care ; Time Factors ; United States</subject><ispartof>Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2012-04, Vol.21 (4), p.442-449</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3874-786ac4170b603968e7b219e365605ca1ef47710c501518a0db134fb929cd7b9d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3874-786ac4170b603968e7b219e365605ca1ef47710c501518a0db134fb929cd7b9d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fpds.2264$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fpds.2264$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1416,27922,27923,45572,45573</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021031$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bruckner, Tim A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hodgson, Ashley</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahoney, Chris Brown</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulton, Brent D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levine, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scheffler, Richard M.</creatorcontrib><title>Health care supply and county-level variation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications</title><title>Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety</title><addtitle>Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Purpose
Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.
Methods
We retrieved annual prescription data for ADHD medications in 2734 US counties from a nationally representative sample of 35 000 pharmacies in 2001–2003. We used a county‐level, multivariable fixed effects analysis to estimate the relation between annual changes in healthcare supply and ADHD medication prescriptions. Methods controlled for time‐invariant factors unique to each county as well as ADHD prevalence.
Results
From 2001 to 2003, retail prescription purchases for ADHD medications increased 33.2%. In the multivariable analysis, ADHD medication prescriptions move positively with an increase in the concentration of total physicians. In addition, ADHD medication prescriptions move inversely with changes in the percentage of non‐Hispanic Black population.
Conclusions
Supply‐side healthcare factors may contribute to the rise from 2001 to 2003 in ADHD medication prescriptions. This finding warrants attention because it implies that the relative capacity of the healthcare system may influence population prescription rates. We encourage further exploration of the contribution of the supply‐side of the healthcare market to secular changes in ADHD medication prescriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</description><subject>ADHD</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>African Americans - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - drug therapy</subject><subject>behavioral disorder</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Databases, Factual</subject><subject>Delivery of Health Care - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>geographic variation</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Physicians - supply & distribution</subject><subject>Practice Patterns, Physicians' - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>prescriptions</subject><subject>small area</subject><subject>supply-driven care</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>1053-8569</issn><issn>1099-1557</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUtv1TAQRi0EoqUg8QuQJTZsUvx2vIQCLagUJF5Ly7EnqktuEmznQv49vu2lSEisxiMfH42_QegxJceUEPZ8DvmYMSXuoENKjGmolPru7ix500plDtCDnK8IqXdG3EcHjBFGCaeHKJ2BG8ol9i4Bzss8Dyt2Y8B-WsayNgNsYcBbl6IrcRpxHLErBcZd0wToo48FX64zJOdL3May4hDzlAIkPCfIPsX5-uEGQvTXjvwQ3evdkOHRvh6hL29efz45a84_nL49eXHeeN5q0ehWOS-oJp0i3KgWdMeoAa6kItI7Cr3QmhIvCZW0dSR0lIu-M8z4oDsT-BF6duOd0_RjgVzsJmYPw-BGmJZsa3JEEE0Eq-jTf9CraUljnc5SKapeKE3_Cn2ack7Q2znFjUtrVe1szNY92N0eKvpkL1y6-vVb8E_wFWhugJ9xgPW_Ivvx1ae9cM_HXODXLe_Sd6s019J-uzi179UFf9mad_Yr_w3CsqFD</recordid><startdate>201204</startdate><enddate>201204</enddate><creator>Bruckner, Tim A.</creator><creator>Hodgson, Ashley</creator><creator>Mahoney, Chris Brown</creator><creator>Fulton, Brent D.</creator><creator>Levine, Peter</creator><creator>Scheffler, Richard M.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201204</creationdate><title>Health care supply and county-level variation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications</title><author>Bruckner, Tim A. ; Hodgson, Ashley ; Mahoney, Chris Brown ; Fulton, Brent D. ; Levine, Peter ; Scheffler, Richard M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3874-786ac4170b603968e7b219e365605ca1ef47710c501518a0db134fb929cd7b9d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>ADHD</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>African Americans - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - drug therapy</topic><topic>behavioral disorder</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Databases, Factual</topic><topic>Delivery of Health Care - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>geographic variation</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Physicians - supply & distribution</topic><topic>Practice Patterns, Physicians' - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>prescriptions</topic><topic>small area</topic><topic>supply-driven care</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Bruckner, Tim A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hodgson, Ashley</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahoney, Chris Brown</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulton, Brent D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levine, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scheffler, Richard M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bruckner, Tim A.</au><au>Hodgson, Ashley</au><au>Mahoney, Chris Brown</au><au>Fulton, Brent D.</au><au>Levine, Peter</au><au>Scheffler, Richard M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Health care supply and county-level variation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications</atitle><jtitle>Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety</jtitle><addtitle>Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf</addtitle><date>2012-04</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>442</spage><epage>449</epage><pages>442-449</pages><issn>1053-8569</issn><eissn>1099-1557</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
Purpose
Although much literature reports small‐area variation in medication prescriptions used to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), scant research has examined factors that may drive this variation. We examine, across counties in the USA, whether the use of prescription medications to treat ADHD varies positively with supply‐side healthcare characteristics.
Methods
We retrieved annual prescription data for ADHD medications in 2734 US counties from a nationally representative sample of 35 000 pharmacies in 2001–2003. We used a county‐level, multivariable fixed effects analysis to estimate the relation between annual changes in healthcare supply and ADHD medication prescriptions. Methods controlled for time‐invariant factors unique to each county as well as ADHD prevalence.
Results
From 2001 to 2003, retail prescription purchases for ADHD medications increased 33.2%. In the multivariable analysis, ADHD medication prescriptions move positively with an increase in the concentration of total physicians. In addition, ADHD medication prescriptions move inversely with changes in the percentage of non‐Hispanic Black population.
Conclusions
Supply‐side healthcare factors may contribute to the rise from 2001 to 2003 in ADHD medication prescriptions. This finding warrants attention because it implies that the relative capacity of the healthcare system may influence population prescription rates. We encourage further exploration of the contribution of the supply‐side of the healthcare market to secular changes in ADHD medication prescriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>22021031</pmid><doi>10.1002/pds.2264</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | ADHD Adolescent African Americans - statistics & numerical data Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - drug therapy behavioral disorder Child Child, Preschool Databases, Factual Delivery of Health Care - statistics & numerical data Female geographic variation Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Multivariate Analysis Physicians - supply & distribution Practice Patterns, Physicians' - statistics & numerical data prescriptions small area supply-driven care Time Factors United States |
| title | Health care supply and county-level variation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder prescription medications |
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