High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground
Although positive lightning flashes to ground are not as frequent as negative flashes, their large amplitudes and destructive characteristics make understanding their parameters an important issue. This study summarizes the characteristics of 103 positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) flashes that have been...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2010-12, Vol.115 (D24), p.n/a |
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| container_title | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
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| creator | Saba, Marcelo M. F. Schulz, Wolfgang Warner, Tom A. Campos, Leandro Z. S. Schumann, Carina Krider, E. Philip Cummins, Kenneth L. Orville, Richard E. |
| description | Although positive lightning flashes to ground are not as frequent as negative flashes, their large amplitudes and destructive characteristics make understanding their parameters an important issue. This study summarizes the characteristics of 103 positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) flashes that have been recorded using high‐speed video cameras (up to 11,800 frames per second) in three countries together with time‐correlated data provided by lightning location systems (LLS). A large fraction of the +CG flashes (81%) produced just a single stroke, and the average multiplicity was 1.2 strokes per flash. All the subsequent strokes in multiple‐stroke +CG flashes created a new ground termination except one. The geometric mean of 21 interstroke time intervals was 94 ms, which is about 1.5 times larger than the average interstroke interval in negative CG flashes (∼60 ms); 75% of the +CG flashes contained at least one long continuing current (LCC) ≥ 40 ms, and this percentage is significantly larger than in the negative flashes that produce LCCs (approximately 30%). The median estimated peak current (Ip) for 116 positive strokes that created new ground terminations was 39.4 kA. Positive strokes with a large Ip were usually followed by a LCC, and both of these parameters are threats in lightning protection. The characteristics presented here include the multiplicities of strokes and ground contacts, the percentage of single‐stroke flashes, the average interstroke time interval, the durations of the continuing current, and the distributions of Ip, the total flash durations, and the 2‐D leader speeds. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2010JD014330 |
| format | Article |
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F. ; Schulz, Wolfgang ; Warner, Tom A. ; Campos, Leandro Z. S. ; Schumann, Carina ; Krider, E. Philip ; Cummins, Kenneth L. ; Orville, Richard E.</creator><creatorcontrib>Saba, Marcelo M. F. ; Schulz, Wolfgang ; Warner, Tom A. ; Campos, Leandro Z. S. ; Schumann, Carina ; Krider, E. Philip ; Cummins, Kenneth L. ; Orville, Richard E.</creatorcontrib><description>Although positive lightning flashes to ground are not as frequent as negative flashes, their large amplitudes and destructive characteristics make understanding their parameters an important issue. This study summarizes the characteristics of 103 positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) flashes that have been recorded using high‐speed video cameras (up to 11,800 frames per second) in three countries together with time‐correlated data provided by lightning location systems (LLS). A large fraction of the +CG flashes (81%) produced just a single stroke, and the average multiplicity was 1.2 strokes per flash. All the subsequent strokes in multiple‐stroke +CG flashes created a new ground termination except one. The geometric mean of 21 interstroke time intervals was 94 ms, which is about 1.5 times larger than the average interstroke interval in negative CG flashes (∼60 ms); 75% of the +CG flashes contained at least one long continuing current (LCC) ≥ 40 ms, and this percentage is significantly larger than in the negative flashes that produce LCCs (approximately 30%). The median estimated peak current (Ip) for 116 positive strokes that created new ground terminations was 39.4 kA. Positive strokes with a large Ip were usually followed by a LCC, and both of these parameters are threats in lightning protection. The characteristics presented here include the multiplicities of strokes and ground contacts, the percentage of single‐stroke flashes, the average interstroke time interval, the durations of the continuing current, and the distributions of Ip, the total flash durations, and the 2‐D leader speeds.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0148-0227</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2169-897X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2156-2202</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-8996</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014330</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Atmospheric sciences ; characteristics ; continuing current ; Earth sciences ; Earth, ocean, space ; Exact sciences and technology ; flashes ; Geophysics ; high speed video ; Lightning ; positive</subject><ispartof>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010-12, Vol.115 (D24), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2010 by American Geophysical Union</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5061-eee54b8174c580aa007eaa2a4ab94175c0f5bb2e4c87e4a329c26fb568c2b0163</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5061-eee54b8174c580aa007eaa2a4ab94175c0f5bb2e4c87e4a329c26fb568c2b0163</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2010JD014330$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2010JD014330$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,1427,11493,27901,27902,45550,45551,46384,46443,46808,46867</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23783441$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Saba, Marcelo M. F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schulz, Wolfgang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Warner, Tom A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Campos, Leandro Z. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schumann, Carina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krider, E. Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cummins, Kenneth L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orville, Richard E.</creatorcontrib><title>High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground</title><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res</addtitle><description>Although positive lightning flashes to ground are not as frequent as negative flashes, their large amplitudes and destructive characteristics make understanding their parameters an important issue. This study summarizes the characteristics of 103 positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) flashes that have been recorded using high‐speed video cameras (up to 11,800 frames per second) in three countries together with time‐correlated data provided by lightning location systems (LLS). A large fraction of the +CG flashes (81%) produced just a single stroke, and the average multiplicity was 1.2 strokes per flash. All the subsequent strokes in multiple‐stroke +CG flashes created a new ground termination except one. The geometric mean of 21 interstroke time intervals was 94 ms, which is about 1.5 times larger than the average interstroke interval in negative CG flashes (∼60 ms); 75% of the +CG flashes contained at least one long continuing current (LCC) ≥ 40 ms, and this percentage is significantly larger than in the negative flashes that produce LCCs (approximately 30%). The median estimated peak current (Ip) for 116 positive strokes that created new ground terminations was 39.4 kA. Positive strokes with a large Ip were usually followed by a LCC, and both of these parameters are threats in lightning protection. The characteristics presented here include the multiplicities of strokes and ground contacts, the percentage of single‐stroke flashes, the average interstroke time interval, the durations of the continuing current, and the distributions of Ip, the total flash durations, and the 2‐D leader speeds.</description><subject>Atmospheric sciences</subject><subject>characteristics</subject><subject>continuing current</subject><subject>Earth sciences</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>flashes</subject><subject>Geophysics</subject><subject>high speed video</subject><subject>Lightning</subject><subject>positive</subject><issn>0148-0227</issn><issn>2169-897X</issn><issn>2156-2202</issn><issn>2169-8996</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1L5EAQhhtRcNC57Q8IijfjVn8nRz_HdYPC4rLgpen0VMbWmB67M-P6742MDF60LgXF87wFLyE_KBxRYOVPBhSuzoAKzmGDjBiVKmcM2CYZDcciB8b0Nhmn9ADDCKkE0BE5v_Sz-zzNEafZ0k8xZKFOGJe296FLWWiyeUi-90vM2oHsO9_Nsqa16R5T1odsFsOim-6Srca2Cccfe4f8vTi_Pb3Mq5vJr9PjKncSFM0RUYq6oFo4WYC1ABqtZVbYuhRUSweNrGuGwhUaheWsdEw1tVSFYzVQxXfI3ip3HsPzAlNvHsIidsNLU1JWSig4H6D9ryBayFJoUFIO1OGKcjGkFLEx8-ifbHw1FMx7oeZzoQN-8BFqk7NtE23nfFo7jOuCC0EHjq-4F9_i67eZ5mry54wqqd6tfGX51OP_tWXjo1Gaa2n-XU_M5Pakqu6q3-aEvwHx_JEZ</recordid><startdate>20101227</startdate><enddate>20101227</enddate><creator>Saba, Marcelo M. F.</creator><creator>Schulz, Wolfgang</creator><creator>Warner, Tom A.</creator><creator>Campos, Leandro Z. S.</creator><creator>Schumann, Carina</creator><creator>Krider, E. Philip</creator><creator>Cummins, Kenneth L.</creator><creator>Orville, Richard E.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>American Geophysical Union</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20101227</creationdate><title>High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground</title><author>Saba, Marcelo M. 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F.</au><au>Schulz, Wolfgang</au><au>Warner, Tom A.</au><au>Campos, Leandro Z. S.</au><au>Schumann, Carina</au><au>Krider, E. Philip</au><au>Cummins, Kenneth L.</au><au>Orville, Richard E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</jtitle><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res</addtitle><date>2010-12-27</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>115</volume><issue>D24</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>0148-0227</issn><issn>2169-897X</issn><eissn>2156-2202</eissn><eissn>2169-8996</eissn><abstract>Although positive lightning flashes to ground are not as frequent as negative flashes, their large amplitudes and destructive characteristics make understanding their parameters an important issue. This study summarizes the characteristics of 103 positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) flashes that have been recorded using high‐speed video cameras (up to 11,800 frames per second) in three countries together with time‐correlated data provided by lightning location systems (LLS). A large fraction of the +CG flashes (81%) produced just a single stroke, and the average multiplicity was 1.2 strokes per flash. All the subsequent strokes in multiple‐stroke +CG flashes created a new ground termination except one. The geometric mean of 21 interstroke time intervals was 94 ms, which is about 1.5 times larger than the average interstroke interval in negative CG flashes (∼60 ms); 75% of the +CG flashes contained at least one long continuing current (LCC) ≥ 40 ms, and this percentage is significantly larger than in the negative flashes that produce LCCs (approximately 30%). The median estimated peak current (Ip) for 116 positive strokes that created new ground terminations was 39.4 kA. Positive strokes with a large Ip were usually followed by a LCC, and both of these parameters are threats in lightning protection. The characteristics presented here include the multiplicities of strokes and ground contacts, the percentage of single‐stroke flashes, the average interstroke time interval, the durations of the continuing current, and the distributions of Ip, the total flash durations, and the 2‐D leader speeds.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2010JD014330</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Atmospheric sciences characteristics continuing current Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology flashes Geophysics high speed video Lightning positive |
| title | High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground |
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