Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Paracetamol in Elderly Patients
Background and Objectives Intravenous paracetamol ( N -acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical anal...
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| creator | Liukas, Antti Kuusniemi, Kristiina Aantaa, Riku Virolainen, Petri Niemi, Mikko Neuvonen, Pertti J. Olkkola, Klaus T. |
| description | Background and Objectives
Intravenous paracetamol (
N
-acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical analgesia studies, there is little information on its pharmacokinetics in the elderly. We designed this study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in very old patients and to compare them with that of younger patients. We also considered the effect of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G2 protein (
ABCG2
) genotype and renal function on paracetamol pharmacokinetics in these patients.
Methods
We compared the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in four groups of ten patients, aged 20–40, 60–70, 70–80 and 80–90 years, undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Paracetamol 1000 mg was given by infusion over 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were measured for 24 hours with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and
ABCG2
genotype was determined. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine of the patient.
Results
In the group aged 80–90 years, the mean value of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC
∞
) of paracetamol was 54–68% higher than in the two youngest groups. Paracetamol clearance showed a statistically significant dependence on age group, whereas volume of distribution during elimination and elimination half-life were associated with age group and sex, respectively. Based on mean AUC
∞
of paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate, the oldest patients had 1.3- to 1.5-fold greater exposure to these metabolites than patients aged 20–40 years.
ABCG2
genotype did not affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. There was a linear correlation between the values of AUC
∞
of paracetamol, its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites and GFR.
Conclusion
Age and sex are important factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The higher the age of the patient, the higher is the exposure to paracetamol. Female sex is associated with increased paracetamol concentrations but
ABCG2
genotype does not seem to affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics.
Trial registration number (EudraCT): 2006-001917-14 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2165/11537240-000000000-00000 |
| format | Article |
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Intravenous paracetamol (
N
-acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical analgesia studies, there is little information on its pharmacokinetics in the elderly. We designed this study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in very old patients and to compare them with that of younger patients. We also considered the effect of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G2 protein (
ABCG2
) genotype and renal function on paracetamol pharmacokinetics in these patients.
Methods
We compared the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in four groups of ten patients, aged 20–40, 60–70, 70–80 and 80–90 years, undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Paracetamol 1000 mg was given by infusion over 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were measured for 24 hours with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and
ABCG2
genotype was determined. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine of the patient.
Results
In the group aged 80–90 years, the mean value of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC
∞
) of paracetamol was 54–68% higher than in the two youngest groups. Paracetamol clearance showed a statistically significant dependence on age group, whereas volume of distribution during elimination and elimination half-life were associated with age group and sex, respectively. Based on mean AUC
∞
of paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate, the oldest patients had 1.3- to 1.5-fold greater exposure to these metabolites than patients aged 20–40 years.
ABCG2
genotype did not affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. There was a linear correlation between the values of AUC
∞
of paracetamol, its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites and GFR.
Conclusion
Age and sex are important factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The higher the age of the patient, the higher is the exposure to paracetamol. Female sex is associated with increased paracetamol concentrations but
ABCG2
genotype does not seem to affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics.
Trial registration number (EudraCT): 2006-001917-14</description><identifier>ISSN: 0312-5963</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-1926</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2165/11537240-000000000-00000</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21241071</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CPKNDH</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Acetaminophen ; Acetaminophen - administration & dosage ; Acetaminophen - analogs & derivatives ; Acetaminophen - blood ; Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics ; Acetaminophen - therapeutic use ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Analgesia ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - administration & dosage ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - blood ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacokinetics ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use ; Area Under Curve ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; Drug metabolism ; Female ; General pharmacology ; Genotype ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Internal Medicine ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Proteins - genetics ; Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism ; Original Research Article ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Drug-receptor interactions ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Pharmacotherapy ; Physiological aspects ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Properties ; Sex Characteristics ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2011-02, Vol.50 (2), p.121-129</ispartof><rights>Adis Data Information BV 2011</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright Wolters Kluwer Health Adis International Feb 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c554t-5ba580d6d85764a633c7dc79f803a57fc9e08f007478a5bf322033455a68e1da3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c554t-5ba580d6d85764a633c7dc79f803a57fc9e08f007478a5bf322033455a68e1da3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2165/11537240-000000000-00000$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.2165/11537240-000000000-00000$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23890413$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241071$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Liukas, Antti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kuusniemi, Kristiina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aantaa, Riku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virolainen, Petri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niemi, Mikko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neuvonen, Pertti J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creatorcontrib><title>Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Paracetamol in Elderly Patients</title><title>Clinical pharmacokinetics</title><addtitle>Clin Pharmacokinet</addtitle><addtitle>Clin Pharmacokinet</addtitle><description>Background and Objectives
Intravenous paracetamol (
N
-acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical analgesia studies, there is little information on its pharmacokinetics in the elderly. We designed this study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in very old patients and to compare them with that of younger patients. We also considered the effect of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G2 protein (
ABCG2
) genotype and renal function on paracetamol pharmacokinetics in these patients.
Methods
We compared the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in four groups of ten patients, aged 20–40, 60–70, 70–80 and 80–90 years, undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Paracetamol 1000 mg was given by infusion over 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were measured for 24 hours with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and
ABCG2
genotype was determined. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine of the patient.
Results
In the group aged 80–90 years, the mean value of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC
∞
) of paracetamol was 54–68% higher than in the two youngest groups. Paracetamol clearance showed a statistically significant dependence on age group, whereas volume of distribution during elimination and elimination half-life were associated with age group and sex, respectively. Based on mean AUC
∞
of paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate, the oldest patients had 1.3- to 1.5-fold greater exposure to these metabolites than patients aged 20–40 years.
ABCG2
genotype did not affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. There was a linear correlation between the values of AUC
∞
of paracetamol, its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites and GFR.
Conclusion
Age and sex are important factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The higher the age of the patient, the higher is the exposure to paracetamol. Female sex is associated with increased paracetamol concentrations but
ABCG2
genotype does not seem to affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics.
Trial registration number (EudraCT): 2006-001917-14</description><subject>Acetaminophen</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - blood</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Acetaminophen - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Analgesia</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - blood</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Area Under Curve</subject><subject>ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2</subject><subject>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics</subject><subject>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Drug metabolism</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>General pharmacology</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Glomerular Filtration Rate</subject><subject>Half-Life</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infusions, Intravenous</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Neoplasm Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Drug-receptor interactions</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Pharmacology/Toxicology</subject><subject>Pharmacotherapy</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</subject><subject>Properties</subject><subject>Sex Characteristics</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0312-5963</issn><issn>1179-1926</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkV1LHTEQhkOx1KPtXyiL0su1k69N9kpErBWEetFehznZxMbuJprsEfz3puw5SkFocpFh8rzzwUtIQ-GE0U5-pVRyxQS0sDtL9I6sKFV9S3vW7ZEVcMpa2Xd8nxyUclcBzQA-kH1GmaCg6Iqc3vzGPKFNf0J0c7ClSb65inPGRxfTpjQ3mNG6Gac0NiE2F-Pg8vhU03NwcS4fyXuPY3Gftu8h-fXt4uf59_b6x-XV-dl1a6UUcyvXKDUM3aCl6gR2nFs1WNV7DRyl8rZ3oD2AEkqjXHvOGHAupMROOzogPyRHS937nB42rszmLm1yrC2NFsBrWaYrdLxAtzg6E6JPdQ87hWLNGROKSipAVerkDarewU3Bpuh8qPl_BHoR2JxKyc6b-xwmzE-Ggvnrh9n5YV78WKIq_bwde7Oe3PAi3BlQgS9bAIvF0WeMNpRXjuseBOWV6xeu1K946_Lr_v8d4hn6W5-W</recordid><startdate>201102</startdate><enddate>201102</enddate><creator>Liukas, Antti</creator><creator>Kuusniemi, Kristiina</creator><creator>Aantaa, Riku</creator><creator>Virolainen, Petri</creator><creator>Niemi, Mikko</creator><creator>Neuvonen, Pertti J.</creator><creator>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Adis International</general><general>Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201102</creationdate><title>Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Paracetamol in Elderly Patients</title><author>Liukas, Antti ; Kuusniemi, Kristiina ; Aantaa, Riku ; Virolainen, Petri ; Niemi, Mikko ; Neuvonen, Pertti J. ; Olkkola, Klaus T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c554t-5ba580d6d85764a633c7dc79f803a57fc9e08f007478a5bf322033455a68e1da3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Acetaminophen</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - blood</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Acetaminophen - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Analgesia</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - blood</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Area Under Curve</topic><topic>ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2</topic><topic>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics</topic><topic>ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Drug metabolism</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>General pharmacology</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Glomerular Filtration Rate</topic><topic>Half-Life</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infusions, Intravenous</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Neoplasm Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Drug-receptor interactions</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Pharmacology/Toxicology</topic><topic>Pharmacotherapy</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</topic><topic>Properties</topic><topic>Sex Characteristics</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Liukas, Antti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kuusniemi, Kristiina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aantaa, Riku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virolainen, Petri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niemi, Mikko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neuvonen, Pertti J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olkkola, Klaus T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Clinical pharmacokinetics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Liukas, Antti</au><au>Kuusniemi, Kristiina</au><au>Aantaa, Riku</au><au>Virolainen, Petri</au><au>Niemi, Mikko</au><au>Neuvonen, Pertti J.</au><au>Olkkola, Klaus T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Paracetamol in Elderly Patients</atitle><jtitle>Clinical pharmacokinetics</jtitle><stitle>Clin Pharmacokinet</stitle><addtitle>Clin Pharmacokinet</addtitle><date>2011-02</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>121</spage><epage>129</epage><pages>121-129</pages><issn>0312-5963</issn><eissn>1179-1926</eissn><coden>CPKNDH</coden><abstract>Background and Objectives
Intravenous paracetamol (
N
-acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical analgesia studies, there is little information on its pharmacokinetics in the elderly. We designed this study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in very old patients and to compare them with that of younger patients. We also considered the effect of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G2 protein (
ABCG2
) genotype and renal function on paracetamol pharmacokinetics in these patients.
Methods
We compared the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in four groups of ten patients, aged 20–40, 60–70, 70–80 and 80–90 years, undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Paracetamol 1000 mg was given by infusion over 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were measured for 24 hours with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and
ABCG2
genotype was determined. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine of the patient.
Results
In the group aged 80–90 years, the mean value of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC
∞
) of paracetamol was 54–68% higher than in the two youngest groups. Paracetamol clearance showed a statistically significant dependence on age group, whereas volume of distribution during elimination and elimination half-life were associated with age group and sex, respectively. Based on mean AUC
∞
of paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate, the oldest patients had 1.3- to 1.5-fold greater exposure to these metabolites than patients aged 20–40 years.
ABCG2
genotype did not affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. There was a linear correlation between the values of AUC
∞
of paracetamol, its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites and GFR.
Conclusion
Age and sex are important factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The higher the age of the patient, the higher is the exposure to paracetamol. Female sex is associated with increased paracetamol concentrations but
ABCG2
genotype does not seem to affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics.
Trial registration number (EudraCT): 2006-001917-14</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>21241071</pmid><doi>10.2165/11537240-000000000-00000</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0312-5963 |
| ispartof | Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2011-02, Vol.50 (2), p.121-129 |
| issn | 0312-5963 1179-1926 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_840385728 |
| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Acetaminophen Acetaminophen - administration & dosage Acetaminophen - analogs & derivatives Acetaminophen - blood Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics Acetaminophen - therapeutic use Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Analgesia Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - administration & dosage Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - blood Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - pharmacokinetics Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use Area Under Curve ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Drug metabolism Female General pharmacology Genotype Glomerular Filtration Rate Half-Life Humans Infusions, Intravenous Internal Medicine Male Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Neoplasm Proteins - genetics Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism Original Research Article Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacogenetics. Drug-receptor interactions Pharmacology. Drug treatments Pharmacology/Toxicology Pharmacotherapy Physiological aspects Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Properties Sex Characteristics Young Adult |
| title | Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Paracetamol in Elderly Patients |
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