Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet
Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of nutrition 2010-12, Vol.104 (11), p.1666-1687 |
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| creator | Kuipers, Remko S. Luxwolda, Martine F. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. Eaton, S. Boyd Crawford, Michael A. Cordain, Loren Muskiet, Frits A. J. |
| description | Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein 1·0 en%), at known hunter–gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30–30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter–gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25–29), moderate-to-high fat (30–39) and moderate carbohydrates (39–40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11·4–12·0), MUFA (5·6–18·5) and PUFA (8·6–15·2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3·7–4·7 en%), low in LA (2·3–3·6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4·75–25·8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2·26–17·0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2·54–8·84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1·12–1·64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0·84–1·92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0007114510002679 |
| format | Article |
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A. ; Eaton, S. Boyd ; Crawford, Michael A. ; Cordain, Loren ; Muskiet, Frits A. J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Kuipers, Remko S. ; Luxwolda, Martine F. ; Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. ; Eaton, S. Boyd ; Crawford, Michael A. ; Cordain, Loren ; Muskiet, Frits A. J.</creatorcontrib><description>Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein < 35 energy % (en%) and linoleic acid (LA) >1·0 en%), at known hunter–gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30–30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter–gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25–29), moderate-to-high fat (30–39) and moderate carbohydrates (39–40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11·4–12·0), MUFA (5·6–18·5) and PUFA (8·6–15·2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3·7–4·7 en%), low in LA (2·3–3·6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4·75–25·8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2·26–17·0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2·54–8·84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1·12–1·64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0·84–1·92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0007-1145</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2662</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0007114510002679</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20860883</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BJNUAV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Africa ; aquatic environment ; Arachidonic acid ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological Evolution ; carbohydrate intake ; Carbohydrates ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Diet - history ; Docosahexaenoic acid ; Energy Intake ; Environmental changes ; estimation ; evolution ; Evolutionary medicine ; Fatty acids ; Fatty Acids - administration & dosage ; Feeding. Feeding behavior ; food intake ; foods ; foodways ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Genomics ; History, Ancient ; Human and Clinical Nutrition ; human nutrition ; Humans ; Hunter–gatherers ; Land–water ecosystem ; Linoleic acid ; long chain fatty acids ; Long-chain PUFA ; Macronutrients ; Meat - analysis ; Models, Biological ; Models, Theoretical ; monounsaturated fatty acids ; nutrient intake ; Nutrients ; nutritional adequacy ; Nutritive Value ; omega-3 fatty acids ; omega-6 fatty acids ; Paleolithic diet ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; protein intake ; saturated fatty acids ; Savannahs ; savannas ; scavenger foragers ; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems ; Western diet ; α-Linolenic acid</subject><ispartof>British journal of nutrition, 2010-12, Vol.104 (11), p.1666-1687</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Authors 2010</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-c8cb3301457398986468bd573385b359cc10203116423b7cd201c636a7e2d25d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-c8cb3301457398986468bd573385b359cc10203116423b7cd201c636a7e2d25d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007114510002679/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,778,782,27907,27908,55611</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23652128$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860883$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kuipers, Remko S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luxwolda, Martine F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eaton, S. Boyd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crawford, Michael A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cordain, Loren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muskiet, Frits A. J.</creatorcontrib><title>Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet</title><title>British journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><description>Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein < 35 energy % (en%) and linoleic acid (LA) >1·0 en%), at known hunter–gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30–30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter–gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25–29), moderate-to-high fat (30–39) and moderate carbohydrates (39–40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11·4–12·0), MUFA (5·6–18·5) and PUFA (8·6–15·2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3·7–4·7 en%), low in LA (2·3–3·6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4·75–25·8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2·26–17·0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2·54–8·84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1·12–1·64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0·84–1·92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials.</description><subject>Africa</subject><subject>aquatic environment</subject><subject>Arachidonic acid</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological Evolution</subject><subject>carbohydrate intake</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Cholesterol</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet - history</subject><subject>Docosahexaenoic acid</subject><subject>Energy Intake</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>estimation</subject><subject>evolution</subject><subject>Evolutionary medicine</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fatty Acids - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Feeding. Feeding behavior</subject><subject>food intake</subject><subject>foods</subject><subject>foodways</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>History, Ancient</subject><subject>Human and Clinical Nutrition</subject><subject>human nutrition</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hunter–gatherers</subject><subject>Land–water ecosystem</subject><subject>Linoleic acid</subject><subject>long chain fatty acids</subject><subject>Long-chain PUFA</subject><subject>Macronutrients</subject><subject>Meat - analysis</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Models, Theoretical</subject><subject>monounsaturated fatty acids</subject><subject>nutrient intake</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>nutritional adequacy</subject><subject>Nutritive Value</subject><subject>omega-3 fatty acids</subject><subject>omega-6 fatty acids</subject><subject>Paleolithic diet</subject><subject>polyunsaturated fatty acids</subject><subject>protein intake</subject><subject>saturated fatty acids</subject><subject>Savannahs</subject><subject>savannas</subject><subject>scavenger foragers</subject><subject>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</subject><subject>Western diet</subject><subject>α-Linolenic acid</subject><issn>0007-1145</issn><issn>1475-2662</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kM1uEzEUhS0EoqHwAGzAQmI54GuPf2ZZVSEgIkFpurY8tqe4zcwU25Ho23OjhHaBWNlX57vHPoeQ18A-AAP98ZIxpgFaCXjhSndPyAJaLRuuFH9KFnu52esn5EUpNzgaYN1zcsKZUcwYsSCbZalpdDUGOjqf52lXc4pTpW4KdHC13lPnU6Bpqu42FjrkeUSNLl2p9GzIyePw3W3jvE31Z_I0pFhfkmeD25b46niekqtPy83552b9bfXl_Gzd-Fa3tfHG90Iw_J8WnemMapXpAw7CyF7IzntgnAkA1XLRax84A6-EcjrywGUQp-Tdwfcuz792sVR7M-_yhE9aA1Iw1rUKIThAmK6UHAd7lzFxvrfA7L5G-0-NuPPmaLzrxxgeNv72hsD7I-CKd9shu8mn8sgJJTlwg1xz4FKp8feD7vKtVVpoadXqwsrV1_VGXvywe9-3B35ws3XXGT2vLjE2ttRx1oFGQhzjuLHPKVzHx9D_D_QHJeWezg</recordid><startdate>20101214</startdate><enddate>20101214</enddate><creator>Kuipers, Remko S.</creator><creator>Luxwolda, Martine F.</creator><creator>Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. 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A. ; Eaton, S. Boyd ; Crawford, Michael A. ; Cordain, Loren ; Muskiet, Frits A. J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-c8cb3301457398986468bd573385b359cc10203116423b7cd201c636a7e2d25d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Africa</topic><topic>aquatic environment</topic><topic>Arachidonic acid</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biological Evolution</topic><topic>carbohydrate intake</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Cholesterol</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Diet - history</topic><topic>Docosahexaenoic acid</topic><topic>Energy Intake</topic><topic>Environmental changes</topic><topic>estimation</topic><topic>evolution</topic><topic>Evolutionary medicine</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fatty Acids - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Feeding. Feeding behavior</topic><topic>food intake</topic><topic>foods</topic><topic>foodways</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>History, Ancient</topic><topic>Human and Clinical Nutrition</topic><topic>human nutrition</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hunter–gatherers</topic><topic>Land–water ecosystem</topic><topic>Linoleic acid</topic><topic>long chain fatty acids</topic><topic>Long-chain PUFA</topic><topic>Macronutrients</topic><topic>Meat - analysis</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Models, Theoretical</topic><topic>monounsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>nutrient intake</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>nutritional adequacy</topic><topic>Nutritive Value</topic><topic>omega-3 fatty acids</topic><topic>omega-6 fatty acids</topic><topic>Paleolithic diet</topic><topic>polyunsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>protein intake</topic><topic>saturated fatty acids</topic><topic>Savannahs</topic><topic>savannas</topic><topic>scavenger foragers</topic><topic>Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems</topic><topic>Western diet</topic><topic>α-Linolenic acid</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kuipers, Remko S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luxwolda, Martine F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. 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A.</au><au>Eaton, S. Boyd</au><au>Crawford, Michael A.</au><au>Cordain, Loren</au><au>Muskiet, Frits A. J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet</atitle><jtitle>British journal of nutrition</jtitle><addtitle>Br J Nutr</addtitle><date>2010-12-14</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>104</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1666</spage><epage>1687</epage><pages>1666-1687</pages><issn>0007-1145</issn><eissn>1475-2662</eissn><coden>BJNUAV</coden><abstract>Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein < 35 energy % (en%) and linoleic acid (LA) >1·0 en%), at known hunter–gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30–30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter–gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25–29), moderate-to-high fat (30–39) and moderate carbohydrates (39–40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11·4–12·0), MUFA (5·6–18·5) and PUFA (8·6–15·2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3·7–4·7 en%), low in LA (2·3–3·6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4·75–25·8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2·26–17·0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2·54–8·84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1·12–1·64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0·84–1·92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><pmid>20860883</pmid><doi>10.1017/S0007114510002679</doi><tpages>22</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | British journal of nutrition, 2010-12, Vol.104 (11), p.1666-1687 |
| issn | 0007-1145 1475-2662 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Cambridge University Press Journals Complete |
| subjects | Africa aquatic environment Arachidonic acid Biological and medical sciences Biological Evolution carbohydrate intake Carbohydrates Cholesterol Diet Diet - history Docosahexaenoic acid Energy Intake Environmental changes estimation evolution Evolutionary medicine Fatty acids Fatty Acids - administration & dosage Feeding. Feeding behavior food intake foods foodways Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Genomics History, Ancient Human and Clinical Nutrition human nutrition Humans Hunter–gatherers Land–water ecosystem Linoleic acid long chain fatty acids Long-chain PUFA Macronutrients Meat - analysis Models, Biological Models, Theoretical monounsaturated fatty acids nutrient intake Nutrients nutritional adequacy Nutritive Value omega-3 fatty acids omega-6 fatty acids Paleolithic diet polyunsaturated fatty acids protein intake saturated fatty acids Savannahs savannas scavenger foragers Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Western diet α-Linolenic acid |
| title | Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet |
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