Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions
Agroforestry systems are known to enhance soil health and climate resilience, but their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rubber-based agroforestry systems across diverse configurations is not fully understood. Here, six representative rubber-based agroforestry systems (encompassing rubber...
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| description | Agroforestry systems are known to enhance soil health and climate resilience, but their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rubber-based agroforestry systems across diverse configurations is not fully understood. Here, six representative rubber-based agroforestry systems (encompassing rubber trees intercropped with arboreal, shrub, and herbaceous species) were selected based on a preliminary investigation, including
Hevea brasiliensis
intercropping with
Alpinia oxyphylla
(AOM),
Alpinia katsumadai
(AKH),
Coffea arabica
(CAA),
Theobroma cacao
(TCA),
Cinnamomum cassia
(CCA), and
Pandanus amaryllifolius
(PAR), and a rubber monoculture as control (RM). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and GHG emission characteristics were determined at 0–20 cm soil depth. The results showed that agroforestry systems significantly enhanced most of soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities. In 0–20 cm soil depth, all rubber plantations acted as net carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) resources, and net methane (CH₄) sinks. Compared with the RM, the CAA and CCA systems significantly increased the cumulative CO
2
and N
2
O emissions, and the global warming potential (GWP) significantly increased in the CAA (36.78%) and CCA (7.18%) systems, whereas it significantly decreased in the AOM (6.61%), AKH (24.96%), TCA (14.24%), and PAR (41.01%) systems. The soil DOC concentration was the primary factor influencing GHG emissions and GWP. This study provides novel insights into GHG emissions from rubber agroforestry systems and serves as a fundamental reference for climate-smart land use management in rubber plantations. Intercropping rubber trees with arboreal and herbaceous species is recommended over shrub species, considering their beneficial effects in reducing soil GHG emissions and GWP for the sustainable development of rubber plantations on Hainan Island. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41598-025-87293-0 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_3159721970</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_b01493f3e9d94276a5340fc034412c4e</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>3159721970</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2930-92a04513f2371103ac2c2b9720fae6789090e0f19fcc93cd62144e25266915033</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9ks1u1TAQhSMEotWlL8ACWWLDJuC_xPEKoQraSpWQEKwtx5kkvsqNg5206pvwuExuSmlZ4I0tz_Fnz_HJsteMvmdUVB-SZIWucsqLvFJci5w-y045lUXOBefPH61PsrOU9hRHwbVk-mV2InRVilKp0-zXt6WuIRI_zhBdDNPkx47c-rknNtYhgh2IHRvSQ6ytg7AkkiZwHhKxwwA33s7QkLkH0g2hRvGtjYcVMYUZxtnjztzHsHT9URShWdzsw0hCS1LwA-kiwNgjFwk2ETj4lLCeXmUvWjskOLufd9mPL5-_n1_m118vrs4_XecOm6a55hb7ZKLlQjE0xjrueK0Vp62FUlWaagq0Zbp1TgvXlJxJCbzgZalZQYXYZVcbtwl2b6boDzbemWC9OW6E2BkbZ-8GMDVlUotWgG605Kq0hZC0dVRIybiTgKyPG2ta6gM0Dg2IdngCfVoZfW-6cGMYUyVXCN9l7-4JMfxcIM0G_XAwDHZcvTdi_XRW4MUoffuPdB-WOKJXR5XiTCuKKr6p8G9TitA-vIZRswbJbEEyGCRzDJJZD7153MfDkT-xQYHYBAlLYwfx793_wf4Gpq_VbQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3159721970</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Nature Free</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><source>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</source><creator>Ashar, Tahir ; Zhang, Yingying ; Yang, Chuan ; Xu, Wenxian ; Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad ; Tahir, Hassam ; Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar ; Wu, Zhixiang</creator><creatorcontrib>Ashar, Tahir ; Zhang, Yingying ; Yang, Chuan ; Xu, Wenxian ; Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad ; Tahir, Hassam ; Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar ; Wu, Zhixiang</creatorcontrib><description>Agroforestry systems are known to enhance soil health and climate resilience, but their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rubber-based agroforestry systems across diverse configurations is not fully understood. Here, six representative rubber-based agroforestry systems (encompassing rubber trees intercropped with arboreal, shrub, and herbaceous species) were selected based on a preliminary investigation, including
Hevea brasiliensis
intercropping with
Alpinia oxyphylla
(AOM),
Alpinia katsumadai
(AKH),
Coffea arabica
(CAA),
Theobroma cacao
(TCA),
Cinnamomum cassia
(CCA), and
Pandanus amaryllifolius
(PAR), and a rubber monoculture as control (RM). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and GHG emission characteristics were determined at 0–20 cm soil depth. The results showed that agroforestry systems significantly enhanced most of soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities. In 0–20 cm soil depth, all rubber plantations acted as net carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) resources, and net methane (CH₄) sinks. Compared with the RM, the CAA and CCA systems significantly increased the cumulative CO
2
and N
2
O emissions, and the global warming potential (GWP) significantly increased in the CAA (36.78%) and CCA (7.18%) systems, whereas it significantly decreased in the AOM (6.61%), AKH (24.96%), TCA (14.24%), and PAR (41.01%) systems. The soil DOC concentration was the primary factor influencing GHG emissions and GWP. This study provides novel insights into GHG emissions from rubber agroforestry systems and serves as a fundamental reference for climate-smart land use management in rubber plantations. Intercropping rubber trees with arboreal and herbaceous species is recommended over shrub species, considering their beneficial effects in reducing soil GHG emissions and GWP for the sustainable development of rubber plantations on Hainan Island.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87293-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39863677</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>704/106/694/682 ; 704/158/1145 ; Agricultural practices ; Agriculture - methods ; Agroforestry ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon Dioxide - analysis ; Carbon Dioxide - metabolism ; Climate adaptation ; Climate change ; Climate-smart agriculture ; Dissolved organic carbon ; Emissions ; Enzymatic activity ; Enzyme activities ; Enzymes ; Forestry - methods ; Global Warming ; Global warming potential ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Greenhouse gases ; Greenhouse Gases - analysis ; Hevea - growth & development ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Intercropping ; Land management ; Land use ; Methane - analysis ; Methane - metabolism ; Monoculture ; multidisciplinary ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrous Oxide - analysis ; Nitrous Oxide - metabolism ; Physicochemical properties ; Plantations ; Rubber ; Rubber trees ; Rubber-based agroforestry systems ; Science ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Soil - chemistry ; Soil depth ; Soil gases ; Soil nutrients ; Soil properties ; Sustainable development ; Trees</subject><ispartof>Scientific reports, 2025-01, Vol.15 (1), p.3196-14, Article 3196</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2025</rights><rights>2025. The Author(s).</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group 2025</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2025 2025</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2930-92a04513f2371103ac2c2b9720fae6789090e0f19fcc93cd62144e25266915033</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762749/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762749/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,27901,27902,41096,42165,51551,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39863677$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ashar, Tahir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yingying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Chuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Wenxian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tahir, Hassam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Zhixiang</creatorcontrib><title>Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions</title><title>Scientific reports</title><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><description>Agroforestry systems are known to enhance soil health and climate resilience, but their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rubber-based agroforestry systems across diverse configurations is not fully understood. Here, six representative rubber-based agroforestry systems (encompassing rubber trees intercropped with arboreal, shrub, and herbaceous species) were selected based on a preliminary investigation, including
Hevea brasiliensis
intercropping with
Alpinia oxyphylla
(AOM),
Alpinia katsumadai
(AKH),
Coffea arabica
(CAA),
Theobroma cacao
(TCA),
Cinnamomum cassia
(CCA), and
Pandanus amaryllifolius
(PAR), and a rubber monoculture as control (RM). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and GHG emission characteristics were determined at 0–20 cm soil depth. The results showed that agroforestry systems significantly enhanced most of soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities. In 0–20 cm soil depth, all rubber plantations acted as net carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) resources, and net methane (CH₄) sinks. Compared with the RM, the CAA and CCA systems significantly increased the cumulative CO
2
and N
2
O emissions, and the global warming potential (GWP) significantly increased in the CAA (36.78%) and CCA (7.18%) systems, whereas it significantly decreased in the AOM (6.61%), AKH (24.96%), TCA (14.24%), and PAR (41.01%) systems. The soil DOC concentration was the primary factor influencing GHG emissions and GWP. This study provides novel insights into GHG emissions from rubber agroforestry systems and serves as a fundamental reference for climate-smart land use management in rubber plantations. Intercropping rubber trees with arboreal and herbaceous species is recommended over shrub species, considering their beneficial effects in reducing soil GHG emissions and GWP for the sustainable development of rubber plantations on Hainan Island.</description><subject>704/106/694/682</subject><subject>704/158/1145</subject><subject>Agricultural practices</subject><subject>Agriculture - methods</subject><subject>Agroforestry</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon Dioxide - analysis</subject><subject>Carbon Dioxide - metabolism</subject><subject>Climate adaptation</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climate-smart agriculture</subject><subject>Dissolved organic carbon</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Enzymatic activity</subject><subject>Enzyme activities</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Forestry - methods</subject><subject>Global Warming</subject><subject>Global warming potential</subject><subject>Greenhouse gas emissions</subject><subject>Greenhouse gases</subject><subject>Greenhouse Gases - analysis</subject><subject>Hevea - growth & development</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Intercropping</subject><subject>Land management</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Methane - analysis</subject><subject>Methane - metabolism</subject><subject>Monoculture</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Nitrous oxide</subject><subject>Nitrous Oxide - analysis</subject><subject>Nitrous Oxide - metabolism</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Plantations</subject><subject>Rubber</subject><subject>Rubber trees</subject><subject>Rubber-based agroforestry systems</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Soil - chemistry</subject><subject>Soil depth</subject><subject>Soil gases</subject><subject>Soil nutrients</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Trees</subject><issn>2045-2322</issn><issn>2045-2322</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9ks1u1TAQhSMEotWlL8ACWWLDJuC_xPEKoQraSpWQEKwtx5kkvsqNg5206pvwuExuSmlZ4I0tz_Fnz_HJsteMvmdUVB-SZIWucsqLvFJci5w-y045lUXOBefPH61PsrOU9hRHwbVk-mV2InRVilKp0-zXt6WuIRI_zhBdDNPkx47c-rknNtYhgh2IHRvSQ6ytg7AkkiZwHhKxwwA33s7QkLkH0g2hRvGtjYcVMYUZxtnjztzHsHT9URShWdzsw0hCS1LwA-kiwNgjFwk2ETj4lLCeXmUvWjskOLufd9mPL5-_n1_m118vrs4_XecOm6a55hb7ZKLlQjE0xjrueK0Vp62FUlWaagq0Zbp1TgvXlJxJCbzgZalZQYXYZVcbtwl2b6boDzbemWC9OW6E2BkbZ-8GMDVlUotWgG605Kq0hZC0dVRIybiTgKyPG2ta6gM0Dg2IdngCfVoZfW-6cGMYUyVXCN9l7-4JMfxcIM0G_XAwDHZcvTdi_XRW4MUoffuPdB-WOKJXR5XiTCuKKr6p8G9TitA-vIZRswbJbEEyGCRzDJJZD7153MfDkT-xQYHYBAlLYwfx793_wf4Gpq_VbQ</recordid><startdate>20250125</startdate><enddate>20250125</enddate><creator>Ashar, Tahir</creator><creator>Zhang, Yingying</creator><creator>Yang, Chuan</creator><creator>Xu, Wenxian</creator><creator>Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad</creator><creator>Tahir, Hassam</creator><creator>Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar</creator><creator>Wu, Zhixiang</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><general>Nature Portfolio</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20250125</creationdate><title>Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions</title><author>Ashar, Tahir ; Zhang, Yingying ; Yang, Chuan ; Xu, Wenxian ; Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad ; Tahir, Hassam ; Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar ; Wu, Zhixiang</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2930-92a04513f2371103ac2c2b9720fae6789090e0f19fcc93cd62144e25266915033</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>704/106/694/682</topic><topic>704/158/1145</topic><topic>Agricultural practices</topic><topic>Agriculture - methods</topic><topic>Agroforestry</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbon Dioxide - analysis</topic><topic>Carbon Dioxide - metabolism</topic><topic>Climate adaptation</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Climate-smart agriculture</topic><topic>Dissolved organic carbon</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Enzymatic activity</topic><topic>Enzyme activities</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Forestry - methods</topic><topic>Global Warming</topic><topic>Global warming potential</topic><topic>Greenhouse gas emissions</topic><topic>Greenhouse gases</topic><topic>Greenhouse Gases - analysis</topic><topic>Hevea - growth & development</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>Intercropping</topic><topic>Land management</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>Methane - analysis</topic><topic>Methane - metabolism</topic><topic>Monoculture</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Nitrous oxide</topic><topic>Nitrous Oxide - analysis</topic><topic>Nitrous Oxide - metabolism</topic><topic>Physicochemical properties</topic><topic>Plantations</topic><topic>Rubber</topic><topic>Rubber trees</topic><topic>Rubber-based agroforestry systems</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Science (multidisciplinary)</topic><topic>Soil - chemistry</topic><topic>Soil depth</topic><topic>Soil gases</topic><topic>Soil nutrients</topic><topic>Soil properties</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Trees</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ashar, Tahir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yingying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Chuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Wenxian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tahir, Hassam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Zhixiang</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ashar, Tahir</au><au>Zhang, Yingying</au><au>Yang, Chuan</au><au>Xu, Wenxian</au><au>Zeeshan Ul Haq, Muhammad</au><au>Tahir, Hassam</au><au>Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Mazhar</au><au>Wu, Zhixiang</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions</atitle><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle><stitle>Sci Rep</stitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><date>2025-01-25</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>3196</spage><epage>14</epage><pages>3196-14</pages><artnum>3196</artnum><issn>2045-2322</issn><eissn>2045-2322</eissn><abstract>Agroforestry systems are known to enhance soil health and climate resilience, but their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rubber-based agroforestry systems across diverse configurations is not fully understood. Here, six representative rubber-based agroforestry systems (encompassing rubber trees intercropped with arboreal, shrub, and herbaceous species) were selected based on a preliminary investigation, including
Hevea brasiliensis
intercropping with
Alpinia oxyphylla
(AOM),
Alpinia katsumadai
(AKH),
Coffea arabica
(CAA),
Theobroma cacao
(TCA),
Cinnamomum cassia
(CCA), and
Pandanus amaryllifolius
(PAR), and a rubber monoculture as control (RM). Soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and GHG emission characteristics were determined at 0–20 cm soil depth. The results showed that agroforestry systems significantly enhanced most of soil nutrient levels and enzyme activities. In 0–20 cm soil depth, all rubber plantations acted as net carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) resources, and net methane (CH₄) sinks. Compared with the RM, the CAA and CCA systems significantly increased the cumulative CO
2
and N
2
O emissions, and the global warming potential (GWP) significantly increased in the CAA (36.78%) and CCA (7.18%) systems, whereas it significantly decreased in the AOM (6.61%), AKH (24.96%), TCA (14.24%), and PAR (41.01%) systems. The soil DOC concentration was the primary factor influencing GHG emissions and GWP. This study provides novel insights into GHG emissions from rubber agroforestry systems and serves as a fundamental reference for climate-smart land use management in rubber plantations. Intercropping rubber trees with arboreal and herbaceous species is recommended over shrub species, considering their beneficial effects in reducing soil GHG emissions and GWP for the sustainable development of rubber plantations on Hainan Island.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>39863677</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41598-025-87293-0</doi><tpages>14</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Nature Free; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Springer Nature OA Free Journals |
| subjects | 704/106/694/682 704/158/1145 Agricultural practices Agriculture - methods Agroforestry Carbon dioxide Carbon Dioxide - analysis Carbon Dioxide - metabolism Climate adaptation Climate change Climate-smart agriculture Dissolved organic carbon Emissions Enzymatic activity Enzyme activities Enzymes Forestry - methods Global Warming Global warming potential Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases Greenhouse Gases - analysis Hevea - growth & development Humanities and Social Sciences Intercropping Land management Land use Methane - analysis Methane - metabolism Monoculture multidisciplinary Nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide - analysis Nitrous Oxide - metabolism Physicochemical properties Plantations Rubber Rubber trees Rubber-based agroforestry systems Science Science (multidisciplinary) Soil - chemistry Soil depth Soil gases Soil nutrients Soil properties Sustainable development Trees |
| title | Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-06T23%3A25%3A40IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rubber%20intercropping%20with%20arboreal%20and%20herbaceous%20species%20alleviated%20the%20global%20warming%20potential%20through%20the%20reduction%20of%20soil%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions&rft.jtitle=Scientific%20reports&rft.au=Ashar,%20Tahir&rft.date=2025-01-25&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=3196&rft.epage=14&rft.pages=3196-14&rft.artnum=3196&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.eissn=2045-2322&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41598-025-87293-0&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_doaj_%3E3159721970%3C/proquest_doaj_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3159721970&rft_id=info:pmid/39863677&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_b01493f3e9d94276a5340fc034412c4e&rfr_iscdi=true |