Microstructure Development in Duplex Stainless Steels from Additive Manufacturing with Coaxial Directed Energy Deposition and Heat Treatment
Duplex stainless steels are widely used in offshore oil and gas, maritime, process, and nuclear industries as they deliver high corrosion resistance, toughness, and ductility, but they are sensitive to formation of brittle microstructures during additive manufacturing. This study has explored the mi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science Physical metallurgy and materials science, 2025-02, Vol.56 (2), p.474-505 |
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| creator | Hassel, Trond Arne Marken, Lene Anita Arbo, Siri Marthe Rørvik, Gisle Du, Qiang Brøtan, Vegard Sørby, Knut |
| description | Duplex stainless steels are widely used in offshore oil and gas, maritime, process, and nuclear industries as they deliver high corrosion resistance, toughness, and ductility, but they are sensitive to formation of brittle microstructures during additive manufacturing. This study has explored the microstructural development during heat treatment for three duplex stainless steel grades: 2205, 2209, and 2509, built by wire-fed coaxial directed energy deposition. The as-built and heat-treated microstructures (solution annealed at
1020
to
1170
∘
C) have been studied and compared. The 2209 and 2509 grades produced more homogeneous microstructures with higher austenite fractions in the as-built condition than 2205. To avoid sigma phase precipitation, 2209 and 2509 had to be solution annealed at higher temperatures than conventional duplex and super duplex. The experimental findings were compared with volume fraction estimates from thermodynamic calculations. For 2209, both as-built and heat-treated materials were evaluated through hardness and Charpy impact toughness testing, revealing significantly improved toughness after heat treatment. Optimal heat treatments produced limited grain growth and fine-grained slightly spheroidized Widmanstätten austenite morphology without any detrimental phases. The presented results offer valuable insights for optimizing microstructure through heat treatment of additively manufactured duplex stainless steel. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11661-024-07560-z |
| format | Article |
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1020
to
1170
∘
C) have been studied and compared. The 2209 and 2509 grades produced more homogeneous microstructures with higher austenite fractions in the as-built condition than 2205. To avoid sigma phase precipitation, 2209 and 2509 had to be solution annealed at higher temperatures than conventional duplex and super duplex. The experimental findings were compared with volume fraction estimates from thermodynamic calculations. For 2209, both as-built and heat-treated materials were evaluated through hardness and Charpy impact toughness testing, revealing significantly improved toughness after heat treatment. Optimal heat treatments produced limited grain growth and fine-grained slightly spheroidized Widmanstätten austenite morphology without any detrimental phases. The presented results offer valuable insights for optimizing microstructure through heat treatment of additively manufactured duplex stainless steel.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1073-5623</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1543-1940</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11661-024-07560-z</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Additive manufacturing ; Austenite ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Corrosion resistance ; Corrosion resistant steels ; Deposition ; Duplex stainless steels ; Grain growth ; Heat treating ; Heat treatment ; Impact strength ; Impact tests ; Manufacturing ; Materials Science ; Metallic Materials ; Microstructure ; Nanotechnology ; Optimization ; Original Research Article ; Sigma phase precipitation ; Spheroidizing ; Stainless steel ; Structural Materials ; Surfaces and Interfaces ; Thin Films ; Toughness</subject><ispartof>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science, 2025-02, Vol.56 (2), p.474-505</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2024</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Feb 2025</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c244t-9db1b5a108fa8b3a523e79fa763b17848d9c4ff3a63e08373d5828279398fa573</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6828-6274 ; 0000-0002-4354-9664 ; 0000-0001-5586-1850 ; 0000-0002-4704-7581 ; 0000-0002-8394-5565</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11661-024-07560-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11661-024-07560-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hassel, Trond Arne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marken, Lene Anita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arbo, Siri Marthe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rørvik, Gisle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brøtan, Vegard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sørby, Knut</creatorcontrib><title>Microstructure Development in Duplex Stainless Steels from Additive Manufacturing with Coaxial Directed Energy Deposition and Heat Treatment</title><title>Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science</title><addtitle>Metall Mater Trans A</addtitle><description>Duplex stainless steels are widely used in offshore oil and gas, maritime, process, and nuclear industries as they deliver high corrosion resistance, toughness, and ductility, but they are sensitive to formation of brittle microstructures during additive manufacturing. This study has explored the microstructural development during heat treatment for three duplex stainless steel grades: 2205, 2209, and 2509, built by wire-fed coaxial directed energy deposition. The as-built and heat-treated microstructures (solution annealed at
1020
to
1170
∘
C) have been studied and compared. The 2209 and 2509 grades produced more homogeneous microstructures with higher austenite fractions in the as-built condition than 2205. To avoid sigma phase precipitation, 2209 and 2509 had to be solution annealed at higher temperatures than conventional duplex and super duplex. The experimental findings were compared with volume fraction estimates from thermodynamic calculations. For 2209, both as-built and heat-treated materials were evaluated through hardness and Charpy impact toughness testing, revealing significantly improved toughness after heat treatment. Optimal heat treatments produced limited grain growth and fine-grained slightly spheroidized Widmanstätten austenite morphology without any detrimental phases. The presented results offer valuable insights for optimizing microstructure through heat treatment of additively manufactured duplex stainless steel.</description><subject>Additive manufacturing</subject><subject>Austenite</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Corrosion resistance</subject><subject>Corrosion resistant steels</subject><subject>Deposition</subject><subject>Duplex stainless steels</subject><subject>Grain growth</subject><subject>Heat treating</subject><subject>Heat treatment</subject><subject>Impact strength</subject><subject>Impact tests</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Metallic Materials</subject><subject>Microstructure</subject><subject>Nanotechnology</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Sigma phase precipitation</subject><subject>Spheroidizing</subject><subject>Stainless steel</subject><subject>Structural Materials</subject><subject>Surfaces and Interfaces</subject><subject>Thin Films</subject><subject>Toughness</subject><issn>1073-5623</issn><issn>1543-1940</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kLFOwzAQhiMEEqXwAkyWmAN2LomdEbWFIrVioMyWm1yKUeoE2ynQZ-ChcSgSG8vdDf_3n_RF0SWj14xSfuMYy3MW0ySNKc9yGu-PohHLUohZkdLjcFMOcZYncBqdOfdKKWUF5KPoa6lL2zpv-9L3FskUd9i03RaNJ9qQad81-EGevNKmQefChdg4Utt2S26rSnu9Q7JUpq_VUKDNhrxr_0ImrfrQqiFTbbH0WJGZQbv5DP1d6wLVGqJMReaoPFnZMIeP59FJrRqHF797HD3fzVaTebx4vH-Y3C7iMklTHxfVmq0zxaiolViDyhJAXtSK57BmXKSiKsq0rkHlgFQAhyoTiUh4AUUgMg7j6OrQ29n2rUfn5WvbWxNeSmAZAMuFSEIqOaQGQc5iLTurt8p-SkblYF0erMtgXf5Yl_sAwQFy3SAD7V_1P9Q3aquIGg</recordid><startdate>20250201</startdate><enddate>20250201</enddate><creator>Hassel, Trond Arne</creator><creator>Marken, Lene Anita</creator><creator>Arbo, Siri Marthe</creator><creator>Rørvik, Gisle</creator><creator>Du, Qiang</creator><creator>Brøtan, Vegard</creator><creator>Sørby, Knut</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-6274</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-9664</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-1850</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4704-7581</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-5565</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20250201</creationdate><title>Microstructure Development in Duplex Stainless Steels from Additive Manufacturing with Coaxial Directed Energy Deposition and Heat Treatment</title><author>Hassel, Trond Arne ; Marken, Lene Anita ; Arbo, Siri Marthe ; Rørvik, Gisle ; Du, Qiang ; Brøtan, Vegard ; Sørby, Knut</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c244t-9db1b5a108fa8b3a523e79fa763b17848d9c4ff3a63e08373d5828279398fa573</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Additive manufacturing</topic><topic>Austenite</topic><topic>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Corrosion resistance</topic><topic>Corrosion resistant steels</topic><topic>Deposition</topic><topic>Duplex stainless steels</topic><topic>Grain growth</topic><topic>Heat treating</topic><topic>Heat treatment</topic><topic>Impact strength</topic><topic>Impact tests</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Materials Science</topic><topic>Metallic Materials</topic><topic>Microstructure</topic><topic>Nanotechnology</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Sigma phase precipitation</topic><topic>Spheroidizing</topic><topic>Stainless steel</topic><topic>Structural Materials</topic><topic>Surfaces and Interfaces</topic><topic>Thin Films</topic><topic>Toughness</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hassel, Trond Arne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marken, Lene Anita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arbo, Siri Marthe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rørvik, Gisle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brøtan, Vegard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sørby, Knut</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><jtitle>Metallurgical and materials transactions. 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1020
to
1170
∘
C) have been studied and compared. The 2209 and 2509 grades produced more homogeneous microstructures with higher austenite fractions in the as-built condition than 2205. To avoid sigma phase precipitation, 2209 and 2509 had to be solution annealed at higher temperatures than conventional duplex and super duplex. The experimental findings were compared with volume fraction estimates from thermodynamic calculations. For 2209, both as-built and heat-treated materials were evaluated through hardness and Charpy impact toughness testing, revealing significantly improved toughness after heat treatment. Optimal heat treatments produced limited grain growth and fine-grained slightly spheroidized Widmanstätten austenite morphology without any detrimental phases. The presented results offer valuable insights for optimizing microstructure through heat treatment of additively manufactured duplex stainless steel.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s11661-024-07560-z</doi><tpages>32</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-6274</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-9664</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-1850</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4704-7581</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-5565</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Additive manufacturing Austenite Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry and Materials Science Corrosion resistance Corrosion resistant steels Deposition Duplex stainless steels Grain growth Heat treating Heat treatment Impact strength Impact tests Manufacturing Materials Science Metallic Materials Microstructure Nanotechnology Optimization Original Research Article Sigma phase precipitation Spheroidizing Stainless steel Structural Materials Surfaces and Interfaces Thin Films Toughness |
| title | Microstructure Development in Duplex Stainless Steels from Additive Manufacturing with Coaxial Directed Energy Deposition and Heat Treatment |
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