Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Water Quality, Physiology, Growth, and Intestinal Microbiota in Cultured Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) With Biofloc Technology
The biofloc technology (BFT) in sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) farming utilizes nutrient cycling, driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, to improve water quality and promote sustainable aquaculture. This study explored the potential of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate as novel carbon...
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| creator | Xiao, Haoran Ye, Qi Wang, Zitong Li, Weiyan Ruan, Shuchao Han, Lingshu Zhao, Kaihao |
| description | The biofloc technology (BFT) in sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) farming utilizes nutrient cycling, driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, to improve water quality and promote sustainable aquaculture. This study explored the potential of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate as novel carbon sources, which may offer advantages in maintaining water stability and enhancing microbial diversity compared to traditional carbon sources. Juvenile sea cucumbers were cultured in a 64‐day trial and assigned to five treatment groups: S (sucrose), SSa (S + sodium acetate), SSb (S + sodium bicarbonate), Nc (no carbon source), and Cg (control group), each treatment group was repeated three times ( n = 3). The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate significantly improved water quality parameters. The group SSb exhibited a higher pH (8.28), and significantly lower ammonia nitrogen (0.501 mg L −1 ), and nitrite levels (0.031 mg L −1 ) compared to other groups. Additionally, the biofloc volume (BFV; 17 mL L −1 ), total suspended solids (TSSs; 238 mg L −1 ), and protein content (13.9%) in the group SSb were all within the tolerance range for sea cucumbers. Group SSb also showed the significantly highest weight gain rate (WGR; 78.5%) and specific growth rate (SGR; 0.91%), alongside increased enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; 179 U mL −1 ) and peroxidase (POD; 1.59 U mL −1 ), which were significantly higher than those in other groups. Furthermore, the group SSb demonstrated enhanced gut microbiota diversity, characterized by a higher abundance of beneficial Bacillus and lower levels of harmful Vibrio and Pseudomonas . The addition of SSb significantly improved water quality by maintaining optimal pH and reducing harmful nitrogen compounds, which in turn supported enhanced physiological growth and increased gut microbiota diversity, indicating its potential as a superior carbon source in biofloc systems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/are/6294937 |
| format | Article |
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This study explored the potential of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate as novel carbon sources, which may offer advantages in maintaining water stability and enhancing microbial diversity compared to traditional carbon sources. Juvenile sea cucumbers were cultured in a 64‐day trial and assigned to five treatment groups: S (sucrose), SSa (S + sodium acetate), SSb (S + sodium bicarbonate), Nc (no carbon source), and Cg (control group), each treatment group was repeated three times ( n = 3). The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate significantly improved water quality parameters. The group SSb exhibited a higher pH (8.28), and significantly lower ammonia nitrogen (0.501 mg L −1 ), and nitrite levels (0.031 mg L −1 ) compared to other groups. Additionally, the biofloc volume (BFV; 17 mL L −1 ), total suspended solids (TSSs; 238 mg L −1 ), and protein content (13.9%) in the group SSb were all within the tolerance range for sea cucumbers. Group SSb also showed the significantly highest weight gain rate (WGR; 78.5%) and specific growth rate (SGR; 0.91%), alongside increased enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; 179 U mL −1 ) and peroxidase (POD; 1.59 U mL −1 ), which were significantly higher than those in other groups. Furthermore, the group SSb demonstrated enhanced gut microbiota diversity, characterized by a higher abundance of beneficial Bacillus and lower levels of harmful Vibrio and Pseudomonas . The addition of SSb significantly improved water quality by maintaining optimal pH and reducing harmful nitrogen compounds, which in turn supported enhanced physiological growth and increased gut microbiota diversity, indicating its potential as a superior carbon source in biofloc systems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1355-557X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2109</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/are/6294937</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Acetates ; Acetic acid ; Acids ; Amino acids ; Ammonia ; Apostichopus japonicus ; Aquaculture ; Bacteria ; Bicarbonates ; Bioavailability ; Biofloc technology ; Carbon ; Carbon cycle ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon sources ; Carbonates ; Digestive system ; Echinoderm culture ; Enzymatic activity ; Enzyme activity ; Enzymes ; Epidemics ; Experiments ; Feeds ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Growth ; Growth rate ; Heterotrophic microorganisms ; Holothuroidea ; Intestinal microflora ; Marine invertebrates ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Microbial flora ; Microbiota ; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen compounds ; Nutrient cycles ; Peroxidase ; Physiology ; Proteins ; Sodium ; Sodium acetate ; Sodium bicarbonate ; Solid suspensions ; Sucrose ; Superoxide dismutase ; Suspended particulate matter ; Sustainable aquaculture ; Total suspended solids ; Vegetables ; Water quality ; Water stability</subject><ispartof>Aquaculture research, 2024-01, Vol.2024 (1)</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 Haoran Xiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1671-3dace7d60ecfbc226f4e2b172ee34256916f81086bfff49d2711ef2912e335de3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2632-7768</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/3149915677/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/3149915677?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,864,21387,27923,27924,33743,43804,64384,64388,72340,74173</link.rule.ids></links><search><contributor>Bailey, Christyn</contributor><contributor>Christyn Bailey</contributor><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Haoran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ye, Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Zitong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Weiyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruan, Shuchao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Lingshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Kaihao</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Water Quality, Physiology, Growth, and Intestinal Microbiota in Cultured Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) With Biofloc Technology</title><title>Aquaculture research</title><description>The biofloc technology (BFT) in sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) farming utilizes nutrient cycling, driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, to improve water quality and promote sustainable aquaculture. This study explored the potential of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate as novel carbon sources, which may offer advantages in maintaining water stability and enhancing microbial diversity compared to traditional carbon sources. Juvenile sea cucumbers were cultured in a 64‐day trial and assigned to five treatment groups: S (sucrose), SSa (S + sodium acetate), SSb (S + sodium bicarbonate), Nc (no carbon source), and Cg (control group), each treatment group was repeated three times ( n = 3). The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate significantly improved water quality parameters. The group SSb exhibited a higher pH (8.28), and significantly lower ammonia nitrogen (0.501 mg L −1 ), and nitrite levels (0.031 mg L −1 ) compared to other groups. Additionally, the biofloc volume (BFV; 17 mL L −1 ), total suspended solids (TSSs; 238 mg L −1 ), and protein content (13.9%) in the group SSb were all within the tolerance range for sea cucumbers. Group SSb also showed the significantly highest weight gain rate (WGR; 78.5%) and specific growth rate (SGR; 0.91%), alongside increased enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; 179 U mL −1 ) and peroxidase (POD; 1.59 U mL −1 ), which were significantly higher than those in other groups. Furthermore, the group SSb demonstrated enhanced gut microbiota diversity, characterized by a higher abundance of beneficial Bacillus and lower levels of harmful Vibrio and Pseudomonas . The addition of SSb significantly improved water quality by maintaining optimal pH and reducing harmful nitrogen compounds, which in turn supported enhanced physiological growth and increased gut microbiota diversity, indicating its potential as a superior carbon source in biofloc systems.</description><subject>Acetates</subject><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Apostichopus japonicus</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bicarbonates</subject><subject>Bioavailability</subject><subject>Biofloc technology</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon cycle</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon sources</subject><subject>Carbonates</subject><subject>Digestive system</subject><subject>Echinoderm culture</subject><subject>Enzymatic activity</subject><subject>Enzyme 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matter</subject><subject>Sustainable aquaculture</subject><subject>Total suspended solids</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water 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and Intestinal Microbiota in Cultured Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) With Biofloc Technology</title><author>Xiao, Haoran ; Ye, Qi ; Wang, Zitong ; Li, Weiyan ; Ruan, Shuchao ; Han, Lingshu ; Zhao, Kaihao</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1671-3dace7d60ecfbc226f4e2b172ee34256916f81086bfff49d2711ef2912e335de3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Acetates</topic><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Apostichopus japonicus</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bicarbonates</topic><topic>Bioavailability</topic><topic>Biofloc technology</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon cycle</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbon sources</topic><topic>Carbonates</topic><topic>Digestive system</topic><topic>Echinoderm culture</topic><topic>Enzymatic 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solids</topic><topic>Vegetables</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water stability</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Haoran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ye, Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Zitong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Weiyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruan, Shuchao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Lingshu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Kaihao</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental 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research</jtitle><date>2024-01-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>2024</volume><issue>1</issue><issn>1355-557X</issn><eissn>1365-2109</eissn><abstract>The biofloc technology (BFT) in sea cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) farming utilizes nutrient cycling, driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, to improve water quality and promote sustainable aquaculture. This study explored the potential of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate as novel carbon sources, which may offer advantages in maintaining water stability and enhancing microbial diversity compared to traditional carbon sources. Juvenile sea cucumbers were cultured in a 64‐day trial and assigned to five treatment groups: S (sucrose), SSa (S + sodium acetate), SSb (S + sodium bicarbonate), Nc (no carbon source), and Cg (control group), each treatment group was repeated three times ( n = 3). The inclusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate significantly improved water quality parameters. The group SSb exhibited a higher pH (8.28), and significantly lower ammonia nitrogen (0.501 mg L −1 ), and nitrite levels (0.031 mg L −1 ) compared to other groups. Additionally, the biofloc volume (BFV; 17 mL L −1 ), total suspended solids (TSSs; 238 mg L −1 ), and protein content (13.9%) in the group SSb were all within the tolerance range for sea cucumbers. Group SSb also showed the significantly highest weight gain rate (WGR; 78.5%) and specific growth rate (SGR; 0.91%), alongside increased enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD; 179 U mL −1 ) and peroxidase (POD; 1.59 U mL −1 ), which were significantly higher than those in other groups. Furthermore, the group SSb demonstrated enhanced gut microbiota diversity, characterized by a higher abundance of beneficial Bacillus and lower levels of harmful Vibrio and Pseudomonas . The addition of SSb significantly improved water quality by maintaining optimal pH and reducing harmful nitrogen compounds, which in turn supported enhanced physiological growth and increased gut microbiota diversity, indicating its potential as a superior carbon source in biofloc systems.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><doi>10.1155/are/6294937</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-7768</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acetates Acetic acid Acids Amino acids Ammonia Apostichopus japonicus Aquaculture Bacteria Bicarbonates Bioavailability Biofloc technology Carbon Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide Carbon sources Carbonates Digestive system Echinoderm culture Enzymatic activity Enzyme activity Enzymes Epidemics Experiments Feeds Gastrointestinal tract Growth Growth rate Heterotrophic microorganisms Holothuroidea Intestinal microflora Marine invertebrates Metabolism Metabolites Microbial flora Microbiota Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) Microorganisms Nitrogen Nitrogen compounds Nutrient cycles Peroxidase Physiology Proteins Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Solid suspensions Sucrose Superoxide dismutase Suspended particulate matter Sustainable aquaculture Total suspended solids Vegetables Water quality Water stability |
| title | Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Water Quality, Physiology, Growth, and Intestinal Microbiota in Cultured Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus ) With Biofloc Technology |
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