The Extent to which Relaxin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells Is Greatest during Late Pregnancy in Rats
Relaxin promotes marked growth of the cervix during the second half of rat pregnancy, and this growth is accompanied by an increase in both epithelial and stromal cells. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apopto...
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description | Relaxin promotes marked growth of the cervix during the second half of rat pregnancy, and this growth is accompanied by an increase in both epithelial and stromal cells. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cells is greatest during late pregnancy in rats. The influence of neutralization of circulating relaxin by iv injection of 5 mg monoclonal antibody against rat relaxin (MCA1) was examined at 3-d intervals throughout the second half of pregnancy. Controls were injected with either 5 mg monoclonal antibody against fluorescein or 0.5 ml PBS vehicle. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5′-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was injected sc 8 h before cervixes were collected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end-labeling and electron microscopy were used to detect apoptotic cells. Neutralization of relaxin with MCA1 decreased the rate of proliferation and increased the rate of apoptosis of cervical cells by d 13. However, the extent to which relaxin influenced these processes was greatest and dramatic by late pregnancy. In MCA1-treated rats on d 22 of pregnancy, the rates of proliferation of both epithelial and stromal cells were less than 20% those in controls, and the rates of apoptosis in epithelial cells and stromal cells were more than 10- and 3-fold, respectively, greater than those in controls. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical epithelial and stromal cells is greatest during late pregnancy. |
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A ; Sherwood, O. D</creator><creatorcontrib>Lee, Hyung-Yul ; Zhao, Shuangping ; Fields, P. A ; Sherwood, O. D</creatorcontrib><description>Relaxin promotes marked growth of the cervix during the second half of rat pregnancy, and this growth is accompanied by an increase in both epithelial and stromal cells. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cells is greatest during late pregnancy in rats. The influence of neutralization of circulating relaxin by iv injection of 5 mg monoclonal antibody against rat relaxin (MCA1) was examined at 3-d intervals throughout the second half of pregnancy. Controls were injected with either 5 mg monoclonal antibody against fluorescein or 0.5 ml PBS vehicle. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5′-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was injected sc 8 h before cervixes were collected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end-labeling and electron microscopy were used to detect apoptotic cells. Neutralization of relaxin with MCA1 decreased the rate of proliferation and increased the rate of apoptosis of cervical cells by d 13. However, the extent to which relaxin influenced these processes was greatest and dramatic by late pregnancy. In MCA1-treated rats on d 22 of pregnancy, the rates of proliferation of both epithelial and stromal cells were less than 20% those in controls, and the rates of apoptosis in epithelial cells and stromal cells were more than 10- and 3-fold, respectively, greater than those in controls. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical epithelial and stromal cells is greatest during late pregnancy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-7227</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1945-7170</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0796</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15498891</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ENDOAO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bethesda, MD: Endocrine Society</publisher><subject>Animals ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis - physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cell Proliferation ; Cervix Uteri - cytology ; Cervix Uteri - physiology ; Cervix Uteri - ultrastructure ; DNA nucleotidylexotransferase ; Electron microscopy ; Epithelial cells ; Epithelial Cells - physiology ; Epithelial Cells - ultrastructure ; Epithelium ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gestational Age ; Microscopy, Electron ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Neutralization ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Animal - physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Relaxin ; Relaxin - physiology ; Stromal cells ; Stromal Cells - cytology ; Stromal Cells - physiology ; Stromal Cells - ultrastructure ; Vertebrates: endocrinology</subject><ispartof>Endocrinology (Philadelphia), 2005-01, Vol.146 (1), p.511-518</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society 2005</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-5e1e3fc190443a3f0c3947dc99c99c1588c0465e3d5753ac09295ad4a826409f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-5e1e3fc190443a3f0c3947dc99c99c1588c0465e3d5753ac09295ad4a826409f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,4025,27927,27928,27929</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16444543$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15498891$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lee, Hyung-Yul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Shuangping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fields, P. A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sherwood, O. D</creatorcontrib><title>The Extent to which Relaxin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells Is Greatest during Late Pregnancy in Rats</title><title>Endocrinology (Philadelphia)</title><addtitle>Endocrinology</addtitle><description>Relaxin promotes marked growth of the cervix during the second half of rat pregnancy, and this growth is accompanied by an increase in both epithelial and stromal cells. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cells is greatest during late pregnancy in rats. The influence of neutralization of circulating relaxin by iv injection of 5 mg monoclonal antibody against rat relaxin (MCA1) was examined at 3-d intervals throughout the second half of pregnancy. Controls were injected with either 5 mg monoclonal antibody against fluorescein or 0.5 ml PBS vehicle. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5′-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was injected sc 8 h before cervixes were collected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end-labeling and electron microscopy were used to detect apoptotic cells. Neutralization of relaxin with MCA1 decreased the rate of proliferation and increased the rate of apoptosis of cervical cells by d 13. However, the extent to which relaxin influenced these processes was greatest and dramatic by late pregnancy. In MCA1-treated rats on d 22 of pregnancy, the rates of proliferation of both epithelial and stromal cells were less than 20% those in controls, and the rates of apoptosis in epithelial cells and stromal cells were more than 10- and 3-fold, respectively, greater than those in controls. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical epithelial and stromal cells is greatest during late pregnancy.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Apoptosis - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cell Proliferation</subject><subject>Cervix Uteri - cytology</subject><subject>Cervix Uteri - physiology</subject><subject>Cervix Uteri - ultrastructure</subject><subject>DNA nucleotidylexotransferase</subject><subject>Electron microscopy</subject><subject>Epithelial cells</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - physiology</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Epithelium</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gestational Age</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron</subject><subject>Monoclonal antibodies</subject><subject>Neutralization</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnancy, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Relaxin</subject><subject>Relaxin - physiology</subject><subject>Stromal cells</subject><subject>Stromal Cells - cytology</subject><subject>Stromal Cells - physiology</subject><subject>Stromal Cells - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Vertebrates: endocrinology</subject><issn>0013-7227</issn><issn>1945-7170</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kdFrFDEQxoMo9qy--SwBEV_cmmyS3ctjOc56cKDU-ryk2dluyl6yJtna_i_-sc5yC_eiEMgM_Pi-mfkIecvZBS85-wz-omRMFqzW1TOy4lqqouY1e05WjHFR1GVZn5FXKd1jK6UUL8kZV1Kv15qvyJ-bHuj2MYPPNAf6u3e2p9cwmEfn6fcYDiFDmovBdRBNdsFT41u68727dTnRyzGMOSSXaOjoBuKDs2ag29HlHgaH5Uz_yKiE9QaGIdFdolcRDApn2k7R-Tu6xw5d4M4bb58oel-bnF6TF50ZErxZ_nPy88v2ZvO12H-72m0u94WVguVCAQfRWa4ZbmdEx6zQsm6t1vPjar22TFYKRKtqJYxlutTKtNKsy0oy3Ylz8v6oO8bwa8KxmvswRY-WjeCCqUpWZYXUpyNlY0gpQteM0R1MfGo4a-YoGvDNHEUzR4H4u0V0uj1Ae4KX2yPwYQFMwpt1EVd36cRVGJaSArmPRy5M4_8si8VSHEnwbbB4WBgjpHTa5p-D_gXf0a7u</recordid><startdate>200501</startdate><enddate>200501</enddate><creator>Lee, Hyung-Yul</creator><creator>Zhao, Shuangping</creator><creator>Fields, P. A</creator><creator>Sherwood, O. D</creator><general>Endocrine Society</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200501</creationdate><title>The Extent to which Relaxin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells Is Greatest during Late Pregnancy in Rats</title><author>Lee, Hyung-Yul ; Zhao, Shuangping ; Fields, P. A ; Sherwood, O. D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-5e1e3fc190443a3f0c3947dc99c99c1588c0465e3d5753ac09295ad4a826409f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Apoptosis - physiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cell Proliferation</topic><topic>Cervix Uteri - cytology</topic><topic>Cervix Uteri - physiology</topic><topic>Cervix Uteri - ultrastructure</topic><topic>DNA nucleotidylexotransferase</topic><topic>Electron microscopy</topic><topic>Epithelial cells</topic><topic>Epithelial Cells - physiology</topic><topic>Epithelial Cells - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Epithelium</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gestational Age</topic><topic>Microscopy, Electron</topic><topic>Monoclonal antibodies</topic><topic>Neutralization</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnancy, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Relaxin</topic><topic>Relaxin - physiology</topic><topic>Stromal cells</topic><topic>Stromal Cells - cytology</topic><topic>Stromal Cells - physiology</topic><topic>Stromal Cells - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Vertebrates: endocrinology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lee, Hyung-Yul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Shuangping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fields, P. A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sherwood, O. 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A</au><au>Sherwood, O. D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Extent to which Relaxin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells Is Greatest during Late Pregnancy in Rats</atitle><jtitle>Endocrinology (Philadelphia)</jtitle><addtitle>Endocrinology</addtitle><date>2005-01</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>146</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>511</spage><epage>518</epage><pages>511-518</pages><issn>0013-7227</issn><eissn>1945-7170</eissn><coden>ENDOAO</coden><abstract>Relaxin promotes marked growth of the cervix during the second half of rat pregnancy, and this growth is accompanied by an increase in both epithelial and stromal cells. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical cells is greatest during late pregnancy in rats. The influence of neutralization of circulating relaxin by iv injection of 5 mg monoclonal antibody against rat relaxin (MCA1) was examined at 3-d intervals throughout the second half of pregnancy. Controls were injected with either 5 mg monoclonal antibody against fluorescein or 0.5 ml PBS vehicle. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5′-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was injected sc 8 h before cervixes were collected. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end-labeling and electron microscopy were used to detect apoptotic cells. Neutralization of relaxin with MCA1 decreased the rate of proliferation and increased the rate of apoptosis of cervical cells by d 13. However, the extent to which relaxin influenced these processes was greatest and dramatic by late pregnancy. In MCA1-treated rats on d 22 of pregnancy, the rates of proliferation of both epithelial and stromal cells were less than 20% those in controls, and the rates of apoptosis in epithelial cells and stromal cells were more than 10- and 3-fold, respectively, greater than those in controls. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the extent to which relaxin promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical epithelial and stromal cells is greatest during late pregnancy.</abstract><cop>Bethesda, MD</cop><pub>Endocrine Society</pub><pmid>15498891</pmid><doi>10.1210/en.2004-0796</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animals Apoptosis Apoptosis - physiology Biological and medical sciences Cell Proliferation Cervix Uteri - cytology Cervix Uteri - physiology Cervix Uteri - ultrastructure DNA nucleotidylexotransferase Electron microscopy Epithelial cells Epithelial Cells - physiology Epithelial Cells - ultrastructure Epithelium Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gestational Age Microscopy, Electron Monoclonal antibodies Neutralization Pregnancy Pregnancy, Animal - physiology Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Relaxin Relaxin - physiology Stromal cells Stromal Cells - cytology Stromal Cells - physiology Stromal Cells - ultrastructure Vertebrates: endocrinology |
title | The Extent to which Relaxin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Cervical Epithelial and Stromal Cells Is Greatest during Late Pregnancy in Rats |
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