Optimization of traffic operations in Karbala Governorate: A case study of roundabouts conversion to signalized roundabouts and signalized intersections

Karbala Governorate, renowned for its religious and tourist attractions, experiences a surge in visitors, necessitating an enhanced transportation system. This study delves into the traffic operations at three pivotal roundabouts in the center of Karbala district, employing video recordings and simulation modeling. The results show case significant delays and a level of service F at the roundabouts. Conversion to signalized intersections and roundabouts leads to notable improvements, with level of service ratings shifting to D, C, and E. Average delays and queue lengths also exhibit substantial reductions. Moreover, traffic arrival rates analysis indicates optimal conversion thresholds.