Structure–Function Relationship and Stability of Latroeggtoxin‐VI: A Proteinaceous Toxin From the Eggs of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus

ABSTRACT Latroeggtoxin‐VI (LETX‐VI), a peptide toxin discovered from the eggs of spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, was previously shown to promote the synthesis and release of dopamine in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, showing potential applications in the neurobiology and medicine. To further understand the structure and properties of LETX‐VI, the key residues were identified and their roles in the structure, function, and stability of LETX‐VI were analyzed in the present work. Based on the protein molecular docking, our previous work, and the relevant literature, the potential key residues of LETX‐VI were selected and identified by alanine‐scanning mutagenesis. The wild‐type LETX‐VI and its 13 mutants, including a double mutant, were prepared by gene cloning and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, followed by activity, structure, and stability determination. The results demonstrated that the activity of the mutants K25A, R35A, K40A/R41A, and L45A, particularly R35A, to promote dopamine release from PC12 cells was significantly decreased compared with that of the wild‐type LETX‐VI, indicating that these mutated residues are the key residues. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that the secondary structure of these mutants was not obviously different from that of wild‐type LETX‐VI, suggesting that mutation‐caused decrease in the activity of LETX‐VI is due to the changes in the binding site on the molecule surface, rather than the abnormal alternation of the molecular conformation of LETX‐VI. Acetonitrile (ACN) did not obviously influence the activity of LETX‐VI; however, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) treatment for 2 h significantly reduced its activity. Treatment with weakly acidic and basic buffers (pH ≥ 6.6) for 12 h was favorable for LETX‐VI and R35A to exert their activity. Higher temperatures (>37°C) decreased the activity of both wild‐type LETX‐VI and R35A. In conclusion, K25, R35, K40, R41, and L45 particularly R35 are the important functional site residues; during experiments, care should be taken to avoid the adverse influence of strong acid and high temperature on LETX‐VI. These observations have enhanced our understanding of the structure and properties of LETX‐VI and provided references for the subsequent modification of structure and function of LETX‐VI.