Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River
The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water qualit...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2024-09, Vol.16 (18), p.2622 |
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description | The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p -value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w16182622 |
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Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p -value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w16182622</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Alkalinity ; Arsenic ; Cadmium ; Chemicals ; Cobalt ; Comparative analysis ; Composition ; Copper ; County government ; Drinking water ; Electrolytes ; Environmental aspects ; Groundwater ; Health aspects ; Health disparities ; Heavy metals ; Life expectancy ; Magnesium ; Measurement ; Molybdenum ; Mortality ; Nitrogen ; Potassium ; Selenium ; Sodium ; Testing ; Trace elements ; Water quality ; Water supply ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2024-09, Vol.16 (18), p.2622</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pickering, Emily V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Chunrong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naser, Abu Mohd</creatorcontrib><title>Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p -value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters.</description><subject>Alkalinity</subject><subject>Arsenic</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Chemicals</subject><subject>Cobalt</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>County government</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health disparities</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Life expectancy</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Molybdenum</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Selenium</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Testing</subject><subject>Trace elements</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNptTk1LAzEQDaJgqT34DwKet2aSbLM5ltYvqIpF8bik29mauk3qJqv4741WpAdnhvl4vDczhJwCGwqh2fkHjKDgI84PSI8zJTIpJRzu9cdkEMKaJZO6KHLWI_Npa92rdSv6bCK29KEzjY2f1Do6xSYaatyS3nmX7aaJ71y0GKhpfNLEF6S3NoTv2G4tndt3bE_IUW2agIPf2idPlxePk-tsdn91MxnPshWHPGag2UIJVBpA13JUF5gvjKgESobpP65SqowGzrTQC6MUSC4Er7k0ORNSij452-3dtv6twxDLte9al06WAoApAJmkf6yVabC0rvaxNdXGhqocFwBFruCHNfyHlXyJG1t5h7VN-J7gCw9FagU</recordid><startdate>20240901</startdate><enddate>20240901</enddate><creator>Pickering, Emily V</creator><creator>Jia, Chunrong</creator><creator>Naser, Abu Mohd</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240901</creationdate><title>Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River</title><author>Pickering, Emily V ; Jia, Chunrong ; Naser, Abu Mohd</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g215t-190b73e79119f46f8e5ba3c3e40e00427004ca9120939ba77142332f24a503443</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Alkalinity</topic><topic>Arsenic</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Chemicals</topic><topic>Cobalt</topic><topic>Comparative analysis</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>County government</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Electrolytes</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health disparities</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Life expectancy</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Measurement</topic><topic>Molybdenum</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Selenium</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Testing</topic><topic>Trace elements</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water supply</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pickering, Emily V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Chunrong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naser, Abu Mohd</creatorcontrib><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pickering, Emily V</au><au>Jia, Chunrong</au><au>Naser, Abu Mohd</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2024-09-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>18</issue><spage>2622</spage><pages>2622-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>The Mississippi Delta region has worse population health outcomes, including higher overall cardiovascular and infant mortality rates. Water quality has yet to be considered as a factor in these health disparities. The objective of this paper is to determine overall differences in basic water quality indicators, electrolytes of cardiovascular importance, trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions of groundwater in delta and non-delta counties in states along the Mississippi River. Data were sourced from the major-ions dataset of the U.S. Geological Survey. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to determine the difference in water quality parameters. Overall, delta counties had lower total dissolved solids (TDS) (47 and 384 mg/L, p -value < 0.001), calcium (7 and 58 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), magnesium (2 and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001), and potassium (1.57 and 1.80 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) and higher sodium (38 mg/L and 22 mg/L; p -value < 0.001) compared to non-delta counties. Overall, there were no statistical differences in trace elements, heavy metals, and radioactive ions across delta versus non-delta counties. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological studies to understand if worse health outcomes in delta counties could be partially explained by these parameters.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w16182622</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alkalinity Arsenic Cadmium Chemicals Cobalt Comparative analysis Composition Copper County government Drinking water Electrolytes Environmental aspects Groundwater Health aspects Health disparities Heavy metals Life expectancy Magnesium Measurement Molybdenum Mortality Nitrogen Potassium Selenium Sodium Testing Trace elements Water quality Water supply Zinc |
title | Drinking Water Quality in Delta and Non-Delta Counties along the Mississippi River |
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