Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh
Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radi...
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| creator | Peterson, Sarah H. Ackerman, Joshua T. Hartman, C. Alex Greenawalt, Andrew C. Casazza, Michael L. Herzog, Mark P. |
| description | Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radio-tagged ducklings from 284 broods tracked during the 2016 to 2019 breeding seasons. Overall, 78% of ducklings died and 84% of mortalities occurred < 7 days after hatch. After hatching in upland fields, survival was greater for broods that hatched closer to flooded wetlands; broods had a ≥ 75% chance of surviving the move from the nest to water when nests were located ≤ 140 m from the nearest wetland and ≤ 50% chance of surviving when nests were located ≥ 970 m from the nearest wetland. Predation accounted for 91% of mortalities and was attributed to mammals (27.6%), birds (22.0%), snakes (4.4%), and unknown predators (46.0%). Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging (54 days) was only 3.2% and 0.9% during 2 drier years and 11.7% and 16.7% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9.4% to 11.2% among years. Daily survival rates for ducklings generally increased with the amount of flooded wetlands within 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) and 1.0 km (M. strepera) of the nest at hatch. Additionally, survival rates increased with duckling age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera, which may be partially due to the earlier onset of A. platyrhynchos nesting. For ducklings that survived the initial move to water, survival rates were negatively correlated with salinity and this effect was more pronounced for younger ducklings. Anas platyrhynchos survival to 7 days post hatch decreased by 9.1% (wetter year) to 31.4% (drier year) when ducklings were in 12 ppt water (99th quantile of cumulative salinity concentrations experienced by ducklings) versus 0.5 ppt water. Mareca strepera survival to 7 days decreased by 7.4% when ducklings were in 12 ppt vs. 0.5 ppt water. Our results suggest that maintaining a network of low salinity wetlands within 1 km of upland nesting sites would likely improve duckling survival rates, especially during the critical 7-day period after hatch. How to Cite Peterson, S. H., J. T. Ackerman, C. A. Hartman, A. C. Greenawalt, M. L. Casazza, and M. P. Herzog (2024). Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity c |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/ornithapp/duae017 |
| format | Article |
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Alex ; Greenawalt, Andrew C. ; Casazza, Michael L. ; Herzog, Mark P.</creator><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Sarah H. ; Ackerman, Joshua T. ; Hartman, C. Alex ; Greenawalt, Andrew C. ; Casazza, Michael L. ; Herzog, Mark P.</creatorcontrib><description>Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radio-tagged ducklings from 284 broods tracked during the 2016 to 2019 breeding seasons. Overall, 78% of ducklings died and 84% of mortalities occurred < 7 days after hatch. After hatching in upland fields, survival was greater for broods that hatched closer to flooded wetlands; broods had a ≥ 75% chance of surviving the move from the nest to water when nests were located ≤ 140 m from the nearest wetland and ≤ 50% chance of surviving when nests were located ≥ 970 m from the nearest wetland. Predation accounted for 91% of mortalities and was attributed to mammals (27.6%), birds (22.0%), snakes (4.4%), and unknown predators (46.0%). Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging (54 days) was only 3.2% and 0.9% during 2 drier years and 11.7% and 16.7% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9.4% to 11.2% among years. Daily survival rates for ducklings generally increased with the amount of flooded wetlands within 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) and 1.0 km (M. strepera) of the nest at hatch. Additionally, survival rates increased with duckling age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera, which may be partially due to the earlier onset of A. platyrhynchos nesting. For ducklings that survived the initial move to water, survival rates were negatively correlated with salinity and this effect was more pronounced for younger ducklings. Anas platyrhynchos survival to 7 days post hatch decreased by 9.1% (wetter year) to 31.4% (drier year) when ducklings were in 12 ppt water (99th quantile of cumulative salinity concentrations experienced by ducklings) versus 0.5 ppt water. Mareca strepera survival to 7 days decreased by 7.4% when ducklings were in 12 ppt vs. 0.5 ppt water. Our results suggest that maintaining a network of low salinity wetlands within 1 km of upland nesting sites would likely improve duckling survival rates, especially during the critical 7-day period after hatch. How to Cite Peterson, S. H., J. T. Ackerman, C. A. Hartman, A. C. Greenawalt, M. L. Casazza, and M. P. Herzog (2024). Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh. Ornithological Applications 126:duae017. Duckling survival to fledging is a key factor influencing waterfowl population growth. After hatching, young ducklings travel from upland nest sites to wetland brood sites, during which time they are especially vulnerable. Using radio telemetry, we studied factors affecting the survival rates of Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in a brackish marsh. Overall, duckling survival rates were low. Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging was < 3% during 2 drier years and < 17% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9–11% and did not differ among years. Duckling survival decreased as the area of flooded wetlands near the nest decreased and as wetland salinity increased. Survival rates also increased with age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera. Having a greater amount of low salinity wetlands near to upland waterfowl nesting sites may improve duckling survival rates. El reclutamiento de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas es sensible a la supervivencia de los polluelos de patos. Cuantificamos los tipos de depredadores y las tasas de supervivencia para los polluelos de Anas platyrhynchos y Mareca strepera en uno de los pantanos de agua salobre más grandes del oeste de América del Norte (Suisun Marsh, California) utilizando 556 polluelos marcados con radio provenientes de 284 camadas rastreadas durante las temporadas de cría de 2016 a 2019. En general, el 78% de los polluelos murieron y el 84% de las mortalidades ocurrieron < 7 días después de la eclosión. Después de eclosionar en campos altos, la supervivencia fue mayor para las camadas que eclosionaron más cerca de los humedales inundados; las camadas tenían una probabilidad ≥ 75% de sobrevivir al desplazamiento desde el nido hasta el agua cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≤ 140 m del humedal más cercano y ≤ 50% de probabilidad de sobrevivir cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≥ 970 m del humedal más cercano. La depredación representó el 91% de las mortalidades y se atribuyó a mamíferos (27.6%), aves (22.0%), serpientes (4.4%) y depredadores desconocidos (46.0%). La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta el emplumamiento (54 días) fue solo del 3.2%, y del 0.9% durante dos años más secos y del 11.7% y 16.7% durante dos años más húmedos. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta el emplumamiento fue del 9.4% al 11.2% entre los años. Las tasas de supervivencia diaria para los polluelos generalmente aumentaron con la cantidad de humedales inundados ubicados hasta a 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) y 1.0 km (M. strepera) del nido al momento de eclosionar. Además, las tasas de supervivencia aumentaron con la edad de los polluelos y con la masa corporal al eclosionar para ambas especies y disminuyeron con la fecha de eclosión para A. platyrhynchos pero no para M. strepera, lo que puede deberse parcialmente al inicio más temprano de la anidación de A. platyrhynchos. Para los polluelos que sobrevivieron al desplazamiento inicial al agua, las tasas de supervivencia estaban correlacionadas negativamente con la salinidad y este efecto fue más pronunciado para los polluelos más jóvenes. La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta los siete días después de la eclosión disminuyó en un 9.1% (año más húmedo) hasta un 31.4% (año más seco) cuando los polluelos estaban en concentraciones en agua de 12 ppt (cuantil 99 de concentraciones de salinidad acumuladas experimentadas por los polluelos) versus agua de 0.5 ppt. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta los siete días disminuyó en un 7.4% cuando los polluelos estaban en agua de 12 ppt versus agua de 0.5 ppt. Nuestros resultados sugieren que mantener una red de humedales de baja salinidad ubicados hasta a 1 km de los sitios de anidación en campos altos probablemente mejoraría las tasas de supervivencia de los polluelos, especialmente durante el período crítico de siete días después de la eclosión.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0010-5422</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2732-4621</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duae017</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chicago: University of California Press</publisher><subject>Anas platyrhynchos ; Aquatic birds ; Aquatic habitats ; Body mass ; Brackish water ; Breeding seasons ; conductividad ; conductivity ; depredación ; depredation ; duckling survival ; fecha de eclosión ; Gadwall ; hatch date ; Hatching ; humedal ; Juveniles ; Mallard ; Mareca strepera ; Marshes ; masa corporal ; Nesting ; Nests ; Predation ; Predators ; RESEARCH ARTICLE ; Salinity ; Salinity effects ; supervivencia de los polluelos ; Survival ; Waterfowl ; wetland ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>Ornithological Applications, 2024-09, Vol.126 (3), p.1-18</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Ornithological Society Aug 5, 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b238t-de158d1ab0e5a0290eef1e5a89e27a87a8143dac91eac83c07e17e928884d2d03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7222-1633 ; 0000-0003-4443-9528 ; 0000-0002-5203-2835 ; 0000-0002-3074-8322 ; 0000-0002-5636-735X ; 0000-0003-2773-3901</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Sarah H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackerman, Joshua T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hartman, C. Alex</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greenawalt, Andrew C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casazza, Michael L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herzog, Mark P.</creatorcontrib><title>Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh</title><title>Ornithological Applications</title><description>Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radio-tagged ducklings from 284 broods tracked during the 2016 to 2019 breeding seasons. Overall, 78% of ducklings died and 84% of mortalities occurred < 7 days after hatch. After hatching in upland fields, survival was greater for broods that hatched closer to flooded wetlands; broods had a ≥ 75% chance of surviving the move from the nest to water when nests were located ≤ 140 m from the nearest wetland and ≤ 50% chance of surviving when nests were located ≥ 970 m from the nearest wetland. Predation accounted for 91% of mortalities and was attributed to mammals (27.6%), birds (22.0%), snakes (4.4%), and unknown predators (46.0%). Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging (54 days) was only 3.2% and 0.9% during 2 drier years and 11.7% and 16.7% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9.4% to 11.2% among years. Daily survival rates for ducklings generally increased with the amount of flooded wetlands within 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) and 1.0 km (M. strepera) of the nest at hatch. Additionally, survival rates increased with duckling age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera, which may be partially due to the earlier onset of A. platyrhynchos nesting. For ducklings that survived the initial move to water, survival rates were negatively correlated with salinity and this effect was more pronounced for younger ducklings. Anas platyrhynchos survival to 7 days post hatch decreased by 9.1% (wetter year) to 31.4% (drier year) when ducklings were in 12 ppt water (99th quantile of cumulative salinity concentrations experienced by ducklings) versus 0.5 ppt water. Mareca strepera survival to 7 days decreased by 7.4% when ducklings were in 12 ppt vs. 0.5 ppt water. Our results suggest that maintaining a network of low salinity wetlands within 1 km of upland nesting sites would likely improve duckling survival rates, especially during the critical 7-day period after hatch. How to Cite Peterson, S. H., J. T. Ackerman, C. A. Hartman, A. C. Greenawalt, M. L. Casazza, and M. P. Herzog (2024). Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh. Ornithological Applications 126:duae017. Duckling survival to fledging is a key factor influencing waterfowl population growth. After hatching, young ducklings travel from upland nest sites to wetland brood sites, during which time they are especially vulnerable. Using radio telemetry, we studied factors affecting the survival rates of Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in a brackish marsh. Overall, duckling survival rates were low. Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging was < 3% during 2 drier years and < 17% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9–11% and did not differ among years. Duckling survival decreased as the area of flooded wetlands near the nest decreased and as wetland salinity increased. Survival rates also increased with age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera. Having a greater amount of low salinity wetlands near to upland waterfowl nesting sites may improve duckling survival rates. El reclutamiento de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas es sensible a la supervivencia de los polluelos de patos. Cuantificamos los tipos de depredadores y las tasas de supervivencia para los polluelos de Anas platyrhynchos y Mareca strepera en uno de los pantanos de agua salobre más grandes del oeste de América del Norte (Suisun Marsh, California) utilizando 556 polluelos marcados con radio provenientes de 284 camadas rastreadas durante las temporadas de cría de 2016 a 2019. En general, el 78% de los polluelos murieron y el 84% de las mortalidades ocurrieron < 7 días después de la eclosión. Después de eclosionar en campos altos, la supervivencia fue mayor para las camadas que eclosionaron más cerca de los humedales inundados; las camadas tenían una probabilidad ≥ 75% de sobrevivir al desplazamiento desde el nido hasta el agua cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≤ 140 m del humedal más cercano y ≤ 50% de probabilidad de sobrevivir cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≥ 970 m del humedal más cercano. La depredación representó el 91% de las mortalidades y se atribuyó a mamíferos (27.6%), aves (22.0%), serpientes (4.4%) y depredadores desconocidos (46.0%). La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta el emplumamiento (54 días) fue solo del 3.2%, y del 0.9% durante dos años más secos y del 11.7% y 16.7% durante dos años más húmedos. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta el emplumamiento fue del 9.4% al 11.2% entre los años. Las tasas de supervivencia diaria para los polluelos generalmente aumentaron con la cantidad de humedales inundados ubicados hasta a 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) y 1.0 km (M. strepera) del nido al momento de eclosionar. Además, las tasas de supervivencia aumentaron con la edad de los polluelos y con la masa corporal al eclosionar para ambas especies y disminuyeron con la fecha de eclosión para A. platyrhynchos pero no para M. strepera, lo que puede deberse parcialmente al inicio más temprano de la anidación de A. platyrhynchos. Para los polluelos que sobrevivieron al desplazamiento inicial al agua, las tasas de supervivencia estaban correlacionadas negativamente con la salinidad y este efecto fue más pronunciado para los polluelos más jóvenes. La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta los siete días después de la eclosión disminuyó en un 9.1% (año más húmedo) hasta un 31.4% (año más seco) cuando los polluelos estaban en concentraciones en agua de 12 ppt (cuantil 99 de concentraciones de salinidad acumuladas experimentadas por los polluelos) versus agua de 0.5 ppt. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta los siete días disminuyó en un 7.4% cuando los polluelos estaban en agua de 12 ppt versus agua de 0.5 ppt. Nuestros resultados sugieren que mantener una red de humedales de baja salinidad ubicados hasta a 1 km de los sitios de anidación en campos altos probablemente mejoraría las tasas de supervivencia de los polluelos, especialmente durante el período crítico de siete días después de la eclosión.</description><subject>Anas platyrhynchos</subject><subject>Aquatic birds</subject><subject>Aquatic habitats</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Brackish water</subject><subject>Breeding seasons</subject><subject>conductividad</subject><subject>conductivity</subject><subject>depredación</subject><subject>depredation</subject><subject>duckling survival</subject><subject>fecha de eclosión</subject><subject>Gadwall</subject><subject>hatch date</subject><subject>Hatching</subject><subject>humedal</subject><subject>Juveniles</subject><subject>Mallard</subject><subject>Mareca strepera</subject><subject>Marshes</subject><subject>masa corporal</subject><subject>Nesting</subject><subject>Nests</subject><subject>Predation</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLE</subject><subject>Salinity</subject><subject>Salinity effects</subject><subject>supervivencia de los polluelos</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Waterfowl</subject><subject>wetland</subject><subject>Wetlands</subject><issn>0010-5422</issn><issn>2732-4621</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkN1KAzEQhYMoWGofwLuA12vz0-1mL6X-QsEbvV5mk1mbdk1qkq30CXxtUyqCd8LADMx85wyHkEvOrjmr5dQHZ9MKttupGQAZr07ISFRSFLO54KdkxBhnRTkT4pxMYlwzxkQpVTmvR-TrdtCb3ro3GoewszvoqXU6IEQ09DOrUtiB7aG1vU176jva9d6bwxJTD87QVd4lSPQwG_yDRsjKB0x7p9GlAMl6F7MDBdoG0BsbV_QdQlxdkLMO-oiTnz4mr_d3L4vHYvn88LS4WRatkCoVBnmpDIeWYQlM1Ayx43lUNYoKVC4-kwZ0zRG0kppVyCushVJqZoRhckyujrrb4D8GjKlZ-yG4bNlIziohalHLfMWPVzr4GAN2zTbY_Oe-4aw5RN78Rt78RJ6Z6ZFprfcO_0F8A_ctjIE</recordid><startdate>20240910</startdate><enddate>20240910</enddate><creator>Peterson, Sarah H.</creator><creator>Ackerman, Joshua T.</creator><creator>Hartman, C. Alex</creator><creator>Greenawalt, Andrew C.</creator><creator>Casazza, Michael L.</creator><creator>Herzog, Mark P.</creator><general>University of California Press</general><general>American Ornithological Society</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-9528</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-3901</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240910</creationdate><title>Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh</title><author>Peterson, Sarah H. ; Ackerman, Joshua T. ; Hartman, C. Alex ; Greenawalt, Andrew C. ; Casazza, Michael L. ; Herzog, Mark P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b238t-de158d1ab0e5a0290eef1e5a89e27a87a8143dac91eac83c07e17e928884d2d03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Anas platyrhynchos</topic><topic>Aquatic birds</topic><topic>Aquatic habitats</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Brackish water</topic><topic>Breeding seasons</topic><topic>conductividad</topic><topic>conductivity</topic><topic>depredación</topic><topic>depredation</topic><topic>duckling survival</topic><topic>fecha de eclosión</topic><topic>Gadwall</topic><topic>hatch date</topic><topic>Hatching</topic><topic>humedal</topic><topic>Juveniles</topic><topic>Mallard</topic><topic>Mareca strepera</topic><topic>Marshes</topic><topic>masa corporal</topic><topic>Nesting</topic><topic>Nests</topic><topic>Predation</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>RESEARCH ARTICLE</topic><topic>Salinity</topic><topic>Salinity effects</topic><topic>supervivencia de los polluelos</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Waterfowl</topic><topic>wetland</topic><topic>Wetlands</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Sarah H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackerman, Joshua T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hartman, C. Alex</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greenawalt, Andrew C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casazza, Michael L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herzog, Mark P.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Ornithological Applications</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Peterson, Sarah H.</au><au>Ackerman, Joshua T.</au><au>Hartman, C. Alex</au><au>Greenawalt, Andrew C.</au><au>Casazza, Michael L.</au><au>Herzog, Mark P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh</atitle><jtitle>Ornithological Applications</jtitle><date>2024-09-10</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>126</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>18</epage><pages>1-18</pages><issn>0010-5422</issn><eissn>2732-4621</eissn><abstract>Waterfowl population recruitment is sensitive to duckling survival. We quantified predator types and survival rates for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in one of the largest brackish water marshes in western North America (Suisun Marsh, California) using 556 radio-tagged ducklings from 284 broods tracked during the 2016 to 2019 breeding seasons. Overall, 78% of ducklings died and 84% of mortalities occurred < 7 days after hatch. After hatching in upland fields, survival was greater for broods that hatched closer to flooded wetlands; broods had a ≥ 75% chance of surviving the move from the nest to water when nests were located ≤ 140 m from the nearest wetland and ≤ 50% chance of surviving when nests were located ≥ 970 m from the nearest wetland. Predation accounted for 91% of mortalities and was attributed to mammals (27.6%), birds (22.0%), snakes (4.4%), and unknown predators (46.0%). Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging (54 days) was only 3.2% and 0.9% during 2 drier years and 11.7% and 16.7% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9.4% to 11.2% among years. Daily survival rates for ducklings generally increased with the amount of flooded wetlands within 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) and 1.0 km (M. strepera) of the nest at hatch. Additionally, survival rates increased with duckling age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera, which may be partially due to the earlier onset of A. platyrhynchos nesting. For ducklings that survived the initial move to water, survival rates were negatively correlated with salinity and this effect was more pronounced for younger ducklings. Anas platyrhynchos survival to 7 days post hatch decreased by 9.1% (wetter year) to 31.4% (drier year) when ducklings were in 12 ppt water (99th quantile of cumulative salinity concentrations experienced by ducklings) versus 0.5 ppt water. Mareca strepera survival to 7 days decreased by 7.4% when ducklings were in 12 ppt vs. 0.5 ppt water. Our results suggest that maintaining a network of low salinity wetlands within 1 km of upland nesting sites would likely improve duckling survival rates, especially during the critical 7-day period after hatch. How to Cite Peterson, S. H., J. T. Ackerman, C. A. Hartman, A. C. Greenawalt, M. L. Casazza, and M. P. Herzog (2024). Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh. Ornithological Applications 126:duae017. Duckling survival to fledging is a key factor influencing waterfowl population growth. After hatching, young ducklings travel from upland nest sites to wetland brood sites, during which time they are especially vulnerable. Using radio telemetry, we studied factors affecting the survival rates of Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) and Mareca strepera (Gadwall) ducklings in a brackish marsh. Overall, duckling survival rates were low. Anas platyrhynchos survival to fledging was < 3% during 2 drier years and < 17% during 2 wetter years. Mareca strepera survival to fledging was 9–11% and did not differ among years. Duckling survival decreased as the area of flooded wetlands near the nest decreased and as wetland salinity increased. Survival rates also increased with age and body mass at hatch for both species and decreased with hatch date for A. platyrhynchos but not M. strepera. Having a greater amount of low salinity wetlands near to upland waterfowl nesting sites may improve duckling survival rates. El reclutamiento de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas es sensible a la supervivencia de los polluelos de patos. Cuantificamos los tipos de depredadores y las tasas de supervivencia para los polluelos de Anas platyrhynchos y Mareca strepera en uno de los pantanos de agua salobre más grandes del oeste de América del Norte (Suisun Marsh, California) utilizando 556 polluelos marcados con radio provenientes de 284 camadas rastreadas durante las temporadas de cría de 2016 a 2019. En general, el 78% de los polluelos murieron y el 84% de las mortalidades ocurrieron < 7 días después de la eclosión. Después de eclosionar en campos altos, la supervivencia fue mayor para las camadas que eclosionaron más cerca de los humedales inundados; las camadas tenían una probabilidad ≥ 75% de sobrevivir al desplazamiento desde el nido hasta el agua cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≤ 140 m del humedal más cercano y ≤ 50% de probabilidad de sobrevivir cuando los nidos estaban ubicados a ≥ 970 m del humedal más cercano. La depredación representó el 91% de las mortalidades y se atribuyó a mamíferos (27.6%), aves (22.0%), serpientes (4.4%) y depredadores desconocidos (46.0%). La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta el emplumamiento (54 días) fue solo del 3.2%, y del 0.9% durante dos años más secos y del 11.7% y 16.7% durante dos años más húmedos. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta el emplumamiento fue del 9.4% al 11.2% entre los años. Las tasas de supervivencia diaria para los polluelos generalmente aumentaron con la cantidad de humedales inundados ubicados hasta a 0.5 km (A. platyrhynchos) y 1.0 km (M. strepera) del nido al momento de eclosionar. Además, las tasas de supervivencia aumentaron con la edad de los polluelos y con la masa corporal al eclosionar para ambas especies y disminuyeron con la fecha de eclosión para A. platyrhynchos pero no para M. strepera, lo que puede deberse parcialmente al inicio más temprano de la anidación de A. platyrhynchos. Para los polluelos que sobrevivieron al desplazamiento inicial al agua, las tasas de supervivencia estaban correlacionadas negativamente con la salinidad y este efecto fue más pronunciado para los polluelos más jóvenes. La supervivencia de A. platyrhynchos hasta los siete días después de la eclosión disminuyó en un 9.1% (año más húmedo) hasta un 31.4% (año más seco) cuando los polluelos estaban en concentraciones en agua de 12 ppt (cuantil 99 de concentraciones de salinidad acumuladas experimentadas por los polluelos) versus agua de 0.5 ppt. La supervivencia de M. strepera hasta los siete días disminuyó en un 7.4% cuando los polluelos estaban en agua de 12 ppt versus agua de 0.5 ppt. Nuestros resultados sugieren que mantener una red de humedales de baja salinidad ubicados hasta a 1 km de los sitios de anidación en campos altos probablemente mejoraría las tasas de supervivencia de los polluelos, especialmente durante el período crítico de siete días después de la eclosión.</abstract><cop>Chicago</cop><pub>University of California Press</pub><doi>10.1093/ornithapp/duae017</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-9528</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-3901</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0010-5422 |
| ispartof | Ornithological Applications, 2024-09, Vol.126 (3), p.1-18 |
| issn | 0010-5422 2732-4621 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_3107229293 |
| source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Free E- Journals |
| subjects | Anas platyrhynchos Aquatic birds Aquatic habitats Body mass Brackish water Breeding seasons conductividad conductivity depredación depredation duckling survival fecha de eclosión Gadwall hatch date Hatching humedal Juveniles Mallard Mareca strepera Marshes masa corporal Nesting Nests Predation Predators RESEARCH ARTICLE Salinity Salinity effects supervivencia de los polluelos Survival Waterfowl wetland Wetlands |
| title | Duckling survival increased with availability of flooded wetland habitat and decreased with salinity concentrations in a brackish marsh |
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