An Ultrasonic Rock Bolt Sensing Technology (I): Methodology and Laboratory Studies
Rock bolts play a critical role in ground support in mining, tunneling and construction. Being able to obtain timely information on rock bolt load condition and deformation could help immensely in safeguarding workers’ safety, optimization of ground support system, and ensuring stability and longevi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2024-09, Vol.57 (9), p.7387-7406 |
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| container_title | Rock mechanics and rock engineering |
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| creator | Sun, Zhigang Wu, Kuo-Ting Krüger, Silvio E. Rocheleau, David Royer, Renée MacDonald, Devan Lacroix, Roger Anderson, Ted |
| description | Rock bolts play a critical role in ground support in mining, tunneling and construction. Being able to obtain timely information on rock bolt load condition and deformation could help immensely in safeguarding workers’ safety, optimization of ground support system, and ensuring stability and longevity of underground structures. The objective of this work was to develop a practical ultrasonic rock bolt sensing technology for monitoring axial load and deformation of a full-bodied rock bolt in both elastic and plastic deformation regimes. To this end, empirical mathematical models involving simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves propagating along the axial direction of the rock bolt were developed, sensors were designed and fabricated, and laboratory studies were conducted. The results showed that the technology was able to measure load change, provide early detection of yield, and measure both plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt undergoing a pull test. Additionally, sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks, therefore, providing the capability to assess the condition of grouted bolts at different depths within a rock mass. This work has laid the groundwork for the deployment of the technology in the field.
Highlights
Empirical models based on simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves were proposed for condition monitoring of full-bodied rock bolts
Methods for instrumenting full-bodied rock bolts were developed
Calibration methods for determining values of parameters used in the empirical models were established
Pull testing showed that the technology could measure load changes within and beyond the elastic limit, detect yield, and measure plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt
Sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00603-024-03921-7 |
| format | Article |
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Highlights
Empirical models based on simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves were proposed for condition monitoring of full-bodied rock bolts
Methods for instrumenting full-bodied rock bolts were developed
Calibration methods for determining values of parameters used in the empirical models were established
Pull testing showed that the technology could measure load changes within and beyond the elastic limit, detect yield, and measure plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt
Sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks</description><identifier>ISSN: 0723-2632</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1434-453X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00603-024-03921-7</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Vienna: Springer Vienna</publisher><subject>Axial loads ; Civil Engineering ; Condition monitoring ; Deformation ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Elastic deformation ; Elastic limit ; Elongated structure ; Elongation ; Flight ; Formability ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Ground support systems ; Laboratories ; Load ; Mathematical models ; Methods ; Original Paper ; Plastic deformation ; Plastics ; Rock ; Rock bolts ; Rock masses ; Rocks ; Sensors ; Shear ; Strain gauges ; Technology assessment ; Temperature ; Tunnel construction ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonic testing ; Ultrasonics ; Underground structures</subject><ispartof>Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 2024-09, Vol.57 (9), p.7387-7406</ispartof><rights>Crown 2024</rights><rights>Crown 2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c314t-65212a461ea6c05761b57b81fcf09f7eaeed30cf8ae5cab0e712e2be6172eac73</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5026-6662</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00603-024-03921-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00603-024-03921-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906,41469,42538,51300</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sun, Zhigang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Kuo-Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krüger, Silvio E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rocheleau, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Royer, Renée</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacDonald, Devan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lacroix, Roger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Ted</creatorcontrib><title>An Ultrasonic Rock Bolt Sensing Technology (I): Methodology and Laboratory Studies</title><title>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</title><addtitle>Rock Mech Rock Eng</addtitle><description>Rock bolts play a critical role in ground support in mining, tunneling and construction. Being able to obtain timely information on rock bolt load condition and deformation could help immensely in safeguarding workers’ safety, optimization of ground support system, and ensuring stability and longevity of underground structures. The objective of this work was to develop a practical ultrasonic rock bolt sensing technology for monitoring axial load and deformation of a full-bodied rock bolt in both elastic and plastic deformation regimes. To this end, empirical mathematical models involving simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves propagating along the axial direction of the rock bolt were developed, sensors were designed and fabricated, and laboratory studies were conducted. The results showed that the technology was able to measure load change, provide early detection of yield, and measure both plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt undergoing a pull test. Additionally, sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks, therefore, providing the capability to assess the condition of grouted bolts at different depths within a rock mass. This work has laid the groundwork for the deployment of the technology in the field.
Highlights
Empirical models based on simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves were proposed for condition monitoring of full-bodied rock bolts
Methods for instrumenting full-bodied rock bolts were developed
Calibration methods for determining values of parameters used in the empirical models were established
Pull testing showed that the technology could measure load changes within and beyond the elastic limit, detect yield, and measure plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt
Sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks</description><subject>Axial loads</subject><subject>Civil Engineering</subject><subject>Condition monitoring</subject><subject>Deformation</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Elastic deformation</subject><subject>Elastic limit</subject><subject>Elongated structure</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Flight</subject><subject>Formability</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Ground support systems</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Load</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Plastic deformation</subject><subject>Plastics</subject><subject>Rock</subject><subject>Rock bolts</subject><subject>Rock masses</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Shear</subject><subject>Strain gauges</subject><subject>Technology assessment</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Tunnel construction</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonic testing</subject><subject>Ultrasonics</subject><subject>Underground structures</subject><issn>0723-2632</issn><issn>1434-453X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1LAzEQhoMoWKt_wFPAix6ik2Q3ab3V4kehIvQDvIVsdrbdum5qsj3037t1BW-eBmae9x14CLnkcMsB9F0EUCAZiISBHArO9BHp8UQmLEnl-zHpgRaSCSXFKTmLcQPQHvWgR2ajmi6rJtjo69LRmXcf9MFXDZ1jHct6RRfo1rWv_GpPryc39_QVm7XPu4Wtczq1mQ-28WFP580uLzGek5PCVhEvfmefLJ8eF-MXNn17noxHU-YkTxqmUsGFTRRHqxykWvEs1dmAF66AYaHRIuYSXDGwmDqbAWouUGSouBZonZZ9ctX1boP_2mFszMbvQt2-NJKDElxpCS0lOsoFH2PAwmxD-WnD3nAwB3emc2dad-bHnTlUyy4UW7heYfir_if1DX8UcXo</recordid><startdate>20240901</startdate><enddate>20240901</enddate><creator>Sun, Zhigang</creator><creator>Wu, Kuo-Ting</creator><creator>Krüger, Silvio E.</creator><creator>Rocheleau, David</creator><creator>Royer, Renée</creator><creator>MacDonald, Devan</creator><creator>Lacroix, Roger</creator><creator>Anderson, Ted</creator><general>Springer Vienna</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-6662</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240901</creationdate><title>An Ultrasonic Rock Bolt Sensing Technology (I): Methodology and Laboratory Studies</title><author>Sun, Zhigang ; Wu, Kuo-Ting ; Krüger, Silvio E. ; Rocheleau, David ; Royer, Renée ; MacDonald, Devan ; Lacroix, Roger ; Anderson, Ted</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c314t-65212a461ea6c05761b57b81fcf09f7eaeed30cf8ae5cab0e712e2be6172eac73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Axial loads</topic><topic>Civil Engineering</topic><topic>Condition monitoring</topic><topic>Deformation</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Elastic deformation</topic><topic>Elastic limit</topic><topic>Elongated structure</topic><topic>Elongation</topic><topic>Flight</topic><topic>Formability</topic><topic>Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic>Ground support systems</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Load</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Plastic deformation</topic><topic>Plastics</topic><topic>Rock</topic><topic>Rock bolts</topic><topic>Rock masses</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Shear</topic><topic>Strain gauges</topic><topic>Technology assessment</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Tunnel construction</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonic testing</topic><topic>Ultrasonics</topic><topic>Underground structures</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sun, Zhigang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Kuo-Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krüger, Silvio E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rocheleau, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Royer, Renée</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacDonald, Devan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lacroix, Roger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Ted</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sun, Zhigang</au><au>Wu, Kuo-Ting</au><au>Krüger, Silvio E.</au><au>Rocheleau, David</au><au>Royer, Renée</au><au>MacDonald, Devan</au><au>Lacroix, Roger</au><au>Anderson, Ted</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An Ultrasonic Rock Bolt Sensing Technology (I): Methodology and Laboratory Studies</atitle><jtitle>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</jtitle><stitle>Rock Mech Rock Eng</stitle><date>2024-09-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>57</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>7387</spage><epage>7406</epage><pages>7387-7406</pages><issn>0723-2632</issn><eissn>1434-453X</eissn><abstract>Rock bolts play a critical role in ground support in mining, tunneling and construction. Being able to obtain timely information on rock bolt load condition and deformation could help immensely in safeguarding workers’ safety, optimization of ground support system, and ensuring stability and longevity of underground structures. The objective of this work was to develop a practical ultrasonic rock bolt sensing technology for monitoring axial load and deformation of a full-bodied rock bolt in both elastic and plastic deformation regimes. To this end, empirical mathematical models involving simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves propagating along the axial direction of the rock bolt were developed, sensors were designed and fabricated, and laboratory studies were conducted. The results showed that the technology was able to measure load change, provide early detection of yield, and measure both plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt undergoing a pull test. Additionally, sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks, therefore, providing the capability to assess the condition of grouted bolts at different depths within a rock mass. This work has laid the groundwork for the deployment of the technology in the field.
Highlights
Empirical models based on simultaneous use of times of flight of longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves were proposed for condition monitoring of full-bodied rock bolts
Methods for instrumenting full-bodied rock bolts were developed
Calibration methods for determining values of parameters used in the empirical models were established
Pull testing showed that the technology could measure load changes within and beyond the elastic limit, detect yield, and measure plastic and total elongations of the rock bolt
Sectional load and elongation information could be obtained by applying the technology to rock bolts divided into sections by drilled holes along their shanks</abstract><cop>Vienna</cop><pub>Springer Vienna</pub><doi>10.1007/s00603-024-03921-7</doi><tpages>20</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5026-6662</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0723-2632 |
| ispartof | Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 2024-09, Vol.57 (9), p.7387-7406 |
| issn | 0723-2632 1434-453X |
| language | eng |
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| source | Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Axial loads Civil Engineering Condition monitoring Deformation Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Elastic deformation Elastic limit Elongated structure Elongation Flight Formability Geophysics/Geodesy Ground support systems Laboratories Load Mathematical models Methods Original Paper Plastic deformation Plastics Rock Rock bolts Rock masses Rocks Sensors Shear Strain gauges Technology assessment Temperature Tunnel construction Ultrasonic imaging Ultrasonic testing Ultrasonics Underground structures |
| title | An Ultrasonic Rock Bolt Sensing Technology (I): Methodology and Laboratory Studies |
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