Experimental Study and CFD Modelling of Down-Reaching Flame Behaviors of Tank Fires with Large Ullage Heights
This paper is aimed at studying the down-reaching flame behaviors of tank fires with large ullage heights. Experiments were first conducted using a gas burner in a transparent quartz glass cylinder to simulate the large ullage and the experimental data was used to validate the computational fluid dy...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Fire technology 2024-09, Vol.60 (5), p.3243-3268 |
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| creator | Zhao, Jinlong Hu, Zhenqi Li, Xinjiang Ji, Jie Yang, Rui Zhang, Jianping Zhong, Yunfei |
| description | This paper is aimed at studying the down-reaching flame behaviors of tank fires with large ullage heights. Experiments were first conducted using a gas burner in a transparent quartz glass cylinder to simulate the large ullage and the experimental data was used to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Subsequently the effects of ullage height, fuel velocity and burner diameter on the flame behaviors were examined systematically. Both experimental and numerical results showed that, for lower fuel velocities, the down-reaching flame height (
h
down
) is restricted by the ullage height. As the fuel velocity continues to increase exceeding a critical value, independent of the ullage height,
h
down
starts to decrease. For a given fuel velocity,
h
down
increases with an increase of the burner diameter owing to enhanced air entrainment. A detailed analysis of the flow field and oxygen concentration inside the tank at the steady burning stage was also carried out. Based on the numerical results and dimensionless analysis, a piecewise function was proposed to predict the down-reaching flame height and validated against the experimental data. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10694-024-01575-z |
| format | Article |
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h
down
) is restricted by the ullage height. As the fuel velocity continues to increase exceeding a critical value, independent of the ullage height,
h
down
starts to decrease. For a given fuel velocity,
h
down
increases with an increase of the burner diameter owing to enhanced air entrainment. A detailed analysis of the flow field and oxygen concentration inside the tank at the steady burning stage was also carried out. Based on the numerical results and dimensionless analysis, a piecewise function was proposed to predict the down-reaching flame height and validated against the experimental data.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0015-2684</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1572-8099</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01575-z</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Air entrainment ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Civil Engineering ; Classical Mechanics ; Computational fluid dynamics ; Dimensionless analysis ; Engineering ; Entrainment ; Experimental data ; Experiments ; Fires ; Fluid dynamics ; Fuels ; Hydrodynamics ; Oxygen ; Physics ; Silica glass ; Ullage ; Velocity</subject><ispartof>Fire technology, 2024-09, Vol.60 (5), p.3243-3268</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2024</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c314t-8c3ea1e958d5b780d97cd9f2dc50b853a44fe3f913a93e957573d12b29ad45213</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0956-9987</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01575-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10694-024-01575-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Jinlong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Zhenqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xinjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Jie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Rui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jianping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Yunfei</creatorcontrib><title>Experimental Study and CFD Modelling of Down-Reaching Flame Behaviors of Tank Fires with Large Ullage Heights</title><title>Fire technology</title><addtitle>Fire Technol</addtitle><description>This paper is aimed at studying the down-reaching flame behaviors of tank fires with large ullage heights. Experiments were first conducted using a gas burner in a transparent quartz glass cylinder to simulate the large ullage and the experimental data was used to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Subsequently the effects of ullage height, fuel velocity and burner diameter on the flame behaviors were examined systematically. Both experimental and numerical results showed that, for lower fuel velocities, the down-reaching flame height (
h
down
) is restricted by the ullage height. As the fuel velocity continues to increase exceeding a critical value, independent of the ullage height,
h
down
starts to decrease. For a given fuel velocity,
h
down
increases with an increase of the burner diameter owing to enhanced air entrainment. A detailed analysis of the flow field and oxygen concentration inside the tank at the steady burning stage was also carried out. Based on the numerical results and dimensionless analysis, a piecewise function was proposed to predict the down-reaching flame height and validated against the experimental data.</description><subject>Air entrainment</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Civil Engineering</subject><subject>Classical Mechanics</subject><subject>Computational fluid dynamics</subject><subject>Dimensionless analysis</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Entrainment</subject><subject>Experimental data</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Fires</subject><subject>Fluid dynamics</subject><subject>Fuels</subject><subject>Hydrodynamics</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>Silica glass</subject><subject>Ullage</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><issn>0015-2684</issn><issn>1572-8099</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1LAzEQhoMoWKt_wFPAczSfu5ujtl0rVARtzyHdZD_qdrcmW2v7681awZuHYYbheWfgAeCa4FuCcXznCY4kR5iGIiIW6HACBmGgKMFSnoIBDmtEo4SfgwvvVxhjGUd4ANaTr4111do2na7hW7c1e6gbA0fpGD63xtZ11RSwzeG43TXo1eqs7BdprdcWPthSf1at8z0w1807TCtnPdxVXQln2hUWLupahza1VVF2_hKc5br29uq3D8EincxHUzR7eXwa3c9QxgjvUJIxq4mVIjFiGSfYyDgzMqcmE3iZCKY5zy3LJWFasoDFImaG0CWV2nBBCRuCm-PdjWs_ttZ3atVuXRNeKoZlxBnncU_RI5W51ntnc7UJJrTbK4JVr1UdtaqgVf1oVYcQYseQD3BTWPd3-p_UN3kXero</recordid><startdate>20240901</startdate><enddate>20240901</enddate><creator>Zhao, Jinlong</creator><creator>Hu, Zhenqi</creator><creator>Li, Xinjiang</creator><creator>Ji, Jie</creator><creator>Yang, Rui</creator><creator>Zhang, Jianping</creator><creator>Zhong, Yunfei</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>U9A</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-9987</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240901</creationdate><title>Experimental Study and CFD Modelling of Down-Reaching Flame Behaviors of Tank Fires with Large Ullage Heights</title><author>Zhao, Jinlong ; Hu, Zhenqi ; Li, Xinjiang ; Ji, Jie ; Yang, Rui ; Zhang, Jianping ; Zhong, Yunfei</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c314t-8c3ea1e958d5b780d97cd9f2dc50b853a44fe3f913a93e957573d12b29ad45213</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Air entrainment</topic><topic>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</topic><topic>Civil Engineering</topic><topic>Classical Mechanics</topic><topic>Computational fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Dimensionless analysis</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Entrainment</topic><topic>Experimental data</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Fires</topic><topic>Fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Fuels</topic><topic>Hydrodynamics</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Physics</topic><topic>Silica glass</topic><topic>Ullage</topic><topic>Velocity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Jinlong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Zhenqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xinjiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Jie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Rui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jianping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Yunfei</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Fire technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhao, Jinlong</au><au>Hu, Zhenqi</au><au>Li, Xinjiang</au><au>Ji, Jie</au><au>Yang, Rui</au><au>Zhang, Jianping</au><au>Zhong, Yunfei</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Experimental Study and CFD Modelling of Down-Reaching Flame Behaviors of Tank Fires with Large Ullage Heights</atitle><jtitle>Fire technology</jtitle><stitle>Fire Technol</stitle><date>2024-09-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>60</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>3243</spage><epage>3268</epage><pages>3243-3268</pages><issn>0015-2684</issn><eissn>1572-8099</eissn><abstract>This paper is aimed at studying the down-reaching flame behaviors of tank fires with large ullage heights. Experiments were first conducted using a gas burner in a transparent quartz glass cylinder to simulate the large ullage and the experimental data was used to validate the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Subsequently the effects of ullage height, fuel velocity and burner diameter on the flame behaviors were examined systematically. Both experimental and numerical results showed that, for lower fuel velocities, the down-reaching flame height (
h
down
) is restricted by the ullage height. As the fuel velocity continues to increase exceeding a critical value, independent of the ullage height,
h
down
starts to decrease. For a given fuel velocity,
h
down
increases with an increase of the burner diameter owing to enhanced air entrainment. A detailed analysis of the flow field and oxygen concentration inside the tank at the steady burning stage was also carried out. Based on the numerical results and dimensionless analysis, a piecewise function was proposed to predict the down-reaching flame height and validated against the experimental data.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s10694-024-01575-z</doi><tpages>26</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-9987</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Air entrainment Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Civil Engineering Classical Mechanics Computational fluid dynamics Dimensionless analysis Engineering Entrainment Experimental data Experiments Fires Fluid dynamics Fuels Hydrodynamics Oxygen Physics Silica glass Ullage Velocity |
| title | Experimental Study and CFD Modelling of Down-Reaching Flame Behaviors of Tank Fires with Large Ullage Heights |
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