Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review
A century ago, measuring elevation in tidal wetlands proved difficult, as survey leveling of soft marsh soils relative to a fixed datum was error prone. For 60 years, vertical accretion measures from marker horizons were used as analogs of elevation change. But without a direct measure of elevation,...
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| description | A century ago, measuring elevation in tidal wetlands proved difficult, as survey leveling of soft marsh soils relative to a fixed datum was error prone. For 60 years, vertical accretion measures from marker horizons were used as analogs of elevation change. But without a direct measure of elevation, it was not possible to measure the total influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation. In the 1990s, the surface elevation table (SET) method, which measures the movement of the wetland surface relative to a fixed point beneath the surface (i.e., the SET benchmark base), was combined with the marker horizon method (SET-MH), providing direct, independent, and simultaneous measures of surface accretion and elevation and quantification of surface and shallow subsurface process influences on elevation. SET-MH measures have revealed several fundamental findings about tidal wetland dynamics. First, accretion [
A
] is often a poor analog for elevation change [
E
]. From 50–66% of wetlands experience shallow subsidence (
A
>
E
), 7–10% shallow expansion (
A
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12237-024-01332-z |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_3095837960</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3095837960</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-9f1027a0733a1113bd9413898510ae184cdd34ec7655eb9ee5a914b566325d413</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kF1LwzAUhosoOKd_wKuA19V8NG3j3RhTBxPFKV6GtD11HbWpSbrhfr3pOvTOqxzevM858ATBJcHXBOPkxhJKWRJiGoWYMEbD3VEwIpyLkCaMHP_OlJ0GZ9auMY44x9Eo2D6Csp2pmg-kmgLNGwemNeD6wK0ALTtTqhz2n8uVqmu99VlmD_Gz0TlY67my7qDxM9INmmplnarRO7i6B2c1bJSrdHOLJugFNhVsz4OTUtUWLg7vOHi7m71OH8LF0_18OlmEOSPChaIkmCYKJ4wpQgjLChERloqUE6yApFFeFCyCPIk5h0wAcCVIlPE4ZpQXvjoOroa9rdFfHVgn17ozjT8pGRY8ZYmIsW_RoZUbba2BUram-lTmWxIse8FyECy9YLkXLHceYgNk294fmL_V_1A__RV-rg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3095837960</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review</title><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Cahoon, Donald R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Cahoon, Donald R.</creatorcontrib><description>A century ago, measuring elevation in tidal wetlands proved difficult, as survey leveling of soft marsh soils relative to a fixed datum was error prone. For 60 years, vertical accretion measures from marker horizons were used as analogs of elevation change. But without a direct measure of elevation, it was not possible to measure the total influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation. In the 1990s, the surface elevation table (SET) method, which measures the movement of the wetland surface relative to a fixed point beneath the surface (i.e., the SET benchmark base), was combined with the marker horizon method (SET-MH), providing direct, independent, and simultaneous measures of surface accretion and elevation and quantification of surface and shallow subsurface process influences on elevation. SET-MH measures have revealed several fundamental findings about tidal wetland dynamics. First, accretion [
A
] is often a poor analog for elevation change [
E
]. From 50–66% of wetlands experience shallow subsidence (
A
>
E
), 7–10% shallow expansion (
A
<
E
), 7% shrink-swell, and for 24–36%
A
is an analog for
E
(
A
=
E
). Second, biological processes within the root zone and physical processes within and below the root zone influence elevation change in addition to surface processes. Third, vegetation plays a key role in wetland vertical dynamics. Plants trap sediment and increase resistance to erosion and compaction. Soil organic matter accumulation can lead to shallow expansion, but reduced plant growth can lead to subsidence, and plant death to soil collapse. Fourth, elevation rates are a better indicator of wetland response to sea-level rise than accretion rates because they incorporate subsurface influences on elevation occurring beneath the marker horizon. Fifth, combining elevation trends with relative sea-level rise (RSLR) trends improves estimates of RSLR at the wetland surface (i.e., RSLR
wet
). Lastly, subsurface process influences are fundamental to a wetland’s response to RSLR and plant community dynamics related to wetland transgression, making the SET-MH method an invaluable tool for understanding coastal wetland elevation dynamics.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1559-2723</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-2731</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12237-024-01332-z</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Accretion ; Biological activity ; Coastal processes ; Coastal Sciences ; Dynamics ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecology ; Environment ; Environmental Management ; Erosion resistance ; Error analysis ; Freshwater & Marine Ecology ; Horizon ; Organic matter ; Organic soils ; Plant communities ; Plant growth ; Plants ; Plants (botany) ; Root zone ; Sea level ; Sea level changes ; Soil ; Soil compaction ; Soil erosion ; Soil organic matter ; Soil resistance ; Soil shrinkage ; Special Issue: Wetland Elevation Dynamics ; Subsidence ; Trends ; Water and Health ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>Estuaries and coasts, 2024-11, Vol.47 (7), p.1708-1734</ispartof><rights>This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024</rights><rights>This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-9f1027a0733a1113bd9413898510ae184cdd34ec7655eb9ee5a914b566325d413</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-9f1027a0733a1113bd9413898510ae184cdd34ec7655eb9ee5a914b566325d413</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2591-5667</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12237-024-01332-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12237-024-01332-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,27931,27932,41495,42564,51326</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cahoon, Donald R.</creatorcontrib><title>Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review</title><title>Estuaries and coasts</title><addtitle>Estuaries and Coasts</addtitle><description>A century ago, measuring elevation in tidal wetlands proved difficult, as survey leveling of soft marsh soils relative to a fixed datum was error prone. For 60 years, vertical accretion measures from marker horizons were used as analogs of elevation change. But without a direct measure of elevation, it was not possible to measure the total influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation. In the 1990s, the surface elevation table (SET) method, which measures the movement of the wetland surface relative to a fixed point beneath the surface (i.e., the SET benchmark base), was combined with the marker horizon method (SET-MH), providing direct, independent, and simultaneous measures of surface accretion and elevation and quantification of surface and shallow subsurface process influences on elevation. SET-MH measures have revealed several fundamental findings about tidal wetland dynamics. First, accretion [
A
] is often a poor analog for elevation change [
E
]. From 50–66% of wetlands experience shallow subsidence (
A
>
E
), 7–10% shallow expansion (
A
<
E
), 7% shrink-swell, and for 24–36%
A
is an analog for
E
(
A
=
E
). Second, biological processes within the root zone and physical processes within and below the root zone influence elevation change in addition to surface processes. Third, vegetation plays a key role in wetland vertical dynamics. Plants trap sediment and increase resistance to erosion and compaction. Soil organic matter accumulation can lead to shallow expansion, but reduced plant growth can lead to subsidence, and plant death to soil collapse. Fourth, elevation rates are a better indicator of wetland response to sea-level rise than accretion rates because they incorporate subsurface influences on elevation occurring beneath the marker horizon. Fifth, combining elevation trends with relative sea-level rise (RSLR) trends improves estimates of RSLR at the wetland surface (i.e., RSLR
wet
). Lastly, subsurface process influences are fundamental to a wetland’s response to RSLR and plant community dynamics related to wetland transgression, making the SET-MH method an invaluable tool for understanding coastal wetland elevation dynamics.</description><subject>Accretion</subject><subject>Biological activity</subject><subject>Coastal processes</subject><subject>Coastal Sciences</subject><subject>Dynamics</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Erosion resistance</subject><subject>Error analysis</subject><subject>Freshwater & Marine Ecology</subject><subject>Horizon</subject><subject>Organic matter</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Plant communities</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Root zone</subject><subject>Sea level</subject><subject>Sea level changes</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil compaction</subject><subject>Soil erosion</subject><subject>Soil organic matter</subject><subject>Soil resistance</subject><subject>Soil shrinkage</subject><subject>Special Issue: Wetland Elevation Dynamics</subject><subject>Subsidence</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Water and Health</subject><subject>Wetlands</subject><issn>1559-2723</issn><issn>1559-2731</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kF1LwzAUhosoOKd_wKuA19V8NG3j3RhTBxPFKV6GtD11HbWpSbrhfr3pOvTOqxzevM858ATBJcHXBOPkxhJKWRJiGoWYMEbD3VEwIpyLkCaMHP_OlJ0GZ9auMY44x9Eo2D6Csp2pmg-kmgLNGwemNeD6wK0ALTtTqhz2n8uVqmu99VlmD_Gz0TlY67my7qDxM9INmmplnarRO7i6B2c1bJSrdHOLJugFNhVsz4OTUtUWLg7vOHi7m71OH8LF0_18OlmEOSPChaIkmCYKJ4wpQgjLChERloqUE6yApFFeFCyCPIk5h0wAcCVIlPE4ZpQXvjoOroa9rdFfHVgn17ozjT8pGRY8ZYmIsW_RoZUbba2BUram-lTmWxIse8FyECy9YLkXLHceYgNk294fmL_V_1A__RV-rg</recordid><startdate>20241101</startdate><enddate>20241101</enddate><creator>Cahoon, Donald R.</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241101</creationdate><title>Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review</title><author>Cahoon, Donald R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-9f1027a0733a1113bd9413898510ae184cdd34ec7655eb9ee5a914b566325d413</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Accretion</topic><topic>Biological activity</topic><topic>Coastal processes</topic><topic>Coastal Sciences</topic><topic>Dynamics</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Management</topic><topic>Erosion resistance</topic><topic>Error analysis</topic><topic>Freshwater & Marine Ecology</topic><topic>Horizon</topic><topic>Organic matter</topic><topic>Organic soils</topic><topic>Plant communities</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Root zone</topic><topic>Sea level</topic><topic>Sea level changes</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil compaction</topic><topic>Soil erosion</topic><topic>Soil organic matter</topic><topic>Soil resistance</topic><topic>Soil shrinkage</topic><topic>Special Issue: Wetland Elevation Dynamics</topic><topic>Subsidence</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Water and Health</topic><topic>Wetlands</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cahoon, Donald R.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><jtitle>Estuaries and coasts</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cahoon, Donald R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review</atitle><jtitle>Estuaries and coasts</jtitle><stitle>Estuaries and Coasts</stitle><date>2024-11-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>47</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1708</spage><epage>1734</epage><pages>1708-1734</pages><issn>1559-2723</issn><eissn>1559-2731</eissn><abstract>A century ago, measuring elevation in tidal wetlands proved difficult, as survey leveling of soft marsh soils relative to a fixed datum was error prone. For 60 years, vertical accretion measures from marker horizons were used as analogs of elevation change. But without a direct measure of elevation, it was not possible to measure the total influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation. In the 1990s, the surface elevation table (SET) method, which measures the movement of the wetland surface relative to a fixed point beneath the surface (i.e., the SET benchmark base), was combined with the marker horizon method (SET-MH), providing direct, independent, and simultaneous measures of surface accretion and elevation and quantification of surface and shallow subsurface process influences on elevation. SET-MH measures have revealed several fundamental findings about tidal wetland dynamics. First, accretion [
A
] is often a poor analog for elevation change [
E
]. From 50–66% of wetlands experience shallow subsidence (
A
>
E
), 7–10% shallow expansion (
A
<
E
), 7% shrink-swell, and for 24–36%
A
is an analog for
E
(
A
=
E
). Second, biological processes within the root zone and physical processes within and below the root zone influence elevation change in addition to surface processes. Third, vegetation plays a key role in wetland vertical dynamics. Plants trap sediment and increase resistance to erosion and compaction. Soil organic matter accumulation can lead to shallow expansion, but reduced plant growth can lead to subsidence, and plant death to soil collapse. Fourth, elevation rates are a better indicator of wetland response to sea-level rise than accretion rates because they incorporate subsurface influences on elevation occurring beneath the marker horizon. Fifth, combining elevation trends with relative sea-level rise (RSLR) trends improves estimates of RSLR at the wetland surface (i.e., RSLR
wet
). Lastly, subsurface process influences are fundamental to a wetland’s response to RSLR and plant community dynamics related to wetland transgression, making the SET-MH method an invaluable tool for understanding coastal wetland elevation dynamics.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s12237-024-01332-z</doi><tpages>27</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1559-2723 |
| ispartof | Estuaries and coasts, 2024-11, Vol.47 (7), p.1708-1734 |
| issn | 1559-2723 1559-2731 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_3095837960 |
| source | SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Accretion Biological activity Coastal processes Coastal Sciences Dynamics Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Environment Environmental Management Erosion resistance Error analysis Freshwater & Marine Ecology Horizon Organic matter Organic soils Plant communities Plant growth Plants Plants (botany) Root zone Sea level Sea level changes Soil Soil compaction Soil erosion Soil organic matter Soil resistance Soil shrinkage Special Issue: Wetland Elevation Dynamics Subsidence Trends Water and Health Wetlands |
| title | Measuring and Interpreting the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Process Influences on Coastal Wetland Elevation: A Review |
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