Effect of polymerization on free water in polyacrylamide hydrogels observed with Brillouin spectroscopy
Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The model established by Chiarelli et al. is implemented to calculate the speed of sound in the free wat...
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| description | Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The model established by Chiarelli
et al.
is implemented to calculate the speed of sound in the free water [Chiarelli
et al.
,
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
, 2010,
127
(3), 1197-1207]. The polymer concentration has the greatest effect on the moduli of the polymer matrix. We determined that the crosslink density has no measurable effect on the logitudinal storage or loss modulus of polyacrylamide hydrogels when measurements are made at GHz frequencies, in contrast to measurements made at kHz frequencies as documented by other studies. However, the moduli are independent of monomer concentration if the acrylamide is not polymerized. We show at the GHz frequency that the incorporation of acrylamide polymer chains affects the mechanical properties of the free water. The speed of sound in the free water is reduced by the introduction of polymerized acrylamide. The long polymer chains and their interactions with the bounded water disrupt the bonding organization of the unbound water, causing a reduction of the average hydrogen bond strength between free water molecules. This results in a decreased speed of sound in the free water and an increase in the longitudinal storage modulus of the hydrogel.
Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1039/d4sm00250d |
| format | Article |
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et al.
is implemented to calculate the speed of sound in the free water [Chiarelli
et al.
,
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
, 2010,
127
(3), 1197-1207]. The polymer concentration has the greatest effect on the moduli of the polymer matrix. We determined that the crosslink density has no measurable effect on the logitudinal storage or loss modulus of polyacrylamide hydrogels when measurements are made at GHz frequencies, in contrast to measurements made at kHz frequencies as documented by other studies. However, the moduli are independent of monomer concentration if the acrylamide is not polymerized. We show at the GHz frequency that the incorporation of acrylamide polymer chains affects the mechanical properties of the free water. The speed of sound in the free water is reduced by the introduction of polymerized acrylamide. The long polymer chains and their interactions with the bounded water disrupt the bonding organization of the unbound water, causing a reduction of the average hydrogen bond strength between free water molecules. This results in a decreased speed of sound in the free water and an increase in the longitudinal storage modulus of the hydrogel.
Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1744-683X</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1744-6848</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1744-6848</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00250d</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38895797</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Royal Society of Chemistry</publisher><subject>Acrylamide ; Bonding strength ; Chains (polymeric) ; Crosslinking ; Density ; Hydrogels ; Hydrogen bonds ; Loss modulus ; Mechanical properties ; Polyacrylamide ; Polymerization ; Polymers ; Spectroscopy ; Spectrum analysis ; Storage modulus ; Water chemistry</subject><ispartof>Soft matter, 2024-07, Vol.2 (26), p.5164-5173</ispartof><rights>Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c262t-d04b0c6c948b79f8d20726d959bebfb04a56f26f5d681e3c08d927526a537df13</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8926-9548</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38895797$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gorman, Britta R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McNeil, L. E</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of polymerization on free water in polyacrylamide hydrogels observed with Brillouin spectroscopy</title><title>Soft matter</title><addtitle>Soft Matter</addtitle><description>Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The model established by Chiarelli
et al.
is implemented to calculate the speed of sound in the free water [Chiarelli
et al.
,
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
, 2010,
127
(3), 1197-1207]. The polymer concentration has the greatest effect on the moduli of the polymer matrix. We determined that the crosslink density has no measurable effect on the logitudinal storage or loss modulus of polyacrylamide hydrogels when measurements are made at GHz frequencies, in contrast to measurements made at kHz frequencies as documented by other studies. However, the moduli are independent of monomer concentration if the acrylamide is not polymerized. We show at the GHz frequency that the incorporation of acrylamide polymer chains affects the mechanical properties of the free water. The speed of sound in the free water is reduced by the introduction of polymerized acrylamide. The long polymer chains and their interactions with the bounded water disrupt the bonding organization of the unbound water, causing a reduction of the average hydrogen bond strength between free water molecules. This results in a decreased speed of sound in the free water and an increase in the longitudinal storage modulus of the hydrogel.
Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels.</description><subject>Acrylamide</subject><subject>Bonding strength</subject><subject>Chains (polymeric)</subject><subject>Crosslinking</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Hydrogels</subject><subject>Hydrogen bonds</subject><subject>Loss modulus</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Polyacrylamide</subject><subject>Polymerization</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Storage modulus</subject><subject>Water chemistry</subject><issn>1744-683X</issn><issn>1744-6848</issn><issn>1744-6848</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkctLxDAQh4Movi_elYAXEVbT5tH06FthxYMK3kqaTNZKu6lJq9S_3qy7riAEEpgvP2a-QWgvIScJofmpYaEhJOXErKDNJGNsJCSTq8s3fdlAWyG8EUIlS8Q62qBS5jzLs000ubIWdIedxa2rhwZ89aW6yk1xPNYD4E_VgcfV9KeutB9q1VQG8OtgvJtAHbArA_gPMPiz6l7xua_q2vXxQ2hjsndBu3bYQWtW1QF2F_c2er6-erq4HY0fbu4uzsYjnYq0GxnCSqKFzpkss9xKk5IsFSbneQmlLQlTXNhUWG6ETIBqIk2eZjwVitPM2IRuo6N5buvdew-hK5oqaKhrNQXXh4KSjMgoTcqIHv5D31zvp7G7GcWjLSp4pI7nlI6TBA-2aH3VKD8UCSlm-otL9nj_o_8ywgeLyL5swCzRX98R2J8DPuhl9W9_9BvFxosz</recordid><startdate>20240703</startdate><enddate>20240703</enddate><creator>Gorman, Britta R</creator><creator>McNeil, L. E</creator><general>Royal Society of Chemistry</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H8G</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-9548</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240703</creationdate><title>Effect of polymerization on free water in polyacrylamide hydrogels observed with Brillouin spectroscopy</title><author>Gorman, Britta R ; McNeil, L. E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c262t-d04b0c6c948b79f8d20726d959bebfb04a56f26f5d681e3c08d927526a537df13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Acrylamide</topic><topic>Bonding strength</topic><topic>Chains (polymeric)</topic><topic>Crosslinking</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Hydrogels</topic><topic>Hydrogen bonds</topic><topic>Loss modulus</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Polyacrylamide</topic><topic>Polymerization</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Storage modulus</topic><topic>Water chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gorman, Britta R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McNeil, L. 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E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of polymerization on free water in polyacrylamide hydrogels observed with Brillouin spectroscopy</atitle><jtitle>Soft matter</jtitle><addtitle>Soft Matter</addtitle><date>2024-07-03</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>26</issue><spage>5164</spage><epage>5173</epage><pages>5164-5173</pages><issn>1744-683X</issn><issn>1744-6848</issn><eissn>1744-6848</eissn><abstract>Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The model established by Chiarelli
et al.
is implemented to calculate the speed of sound in the free water [Chiarelli
et al.
,
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
, 2010,
127
(3), 1197-1207]. The polymer concentration has the greatest effect on the moduli of the polymer matrix. We determined that the crosslink density has no measurable effect on the logitudinal storage or loss modulus of polyacrylamide hydrogels when measurements are made at GHz frequencies, in contrast to measurements made at kHz frequencies as documented by other studies. However, the moduli are independent of monomer concentration if the acrylamide is not polymerized. We show at the GHz frequency that the incorporation of acrylamide polymer chains affects the mechanical properties of the free water. The speed of sound in the free water is reduced by the introduction of polymerized acrylamide. The long polymer chains and their interactions with the bounded water disrupt the bonding organization of the unbound water, causing a reduction of the average hydrogen bond strength between free water molecules. This results in a decreased speed of sound in the free water and an increase in the longitudinal storage modulus of the hydrogel.
Brillouin spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of polymer concentration, crosslinking density, and polymerization on the longitudinal storage and loss moduli of polyacrylamide hydrogels.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><pmid>38895797</pmid><doi>10.1039/d4sm00250d</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-9548</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Royal Society Of Chemistry Journals 2008-; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Acrylamide Bonding strength Chains (polymeric) Crosslinking Density Hydrogels Hydrogen bonds Loss modulus Mechanical properties Polyacrylamide Polymerization Polymers Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Storage modulus Water chemistry |
| title | Effect of polymerization on free water in polyacrylamide hydrogels observed with Brillouin spectroscopy |
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