Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process
Antimony is often used as a hardener for alloys. There are few studies on the preparation of antimony from Sb 2 O 3 by microwave carbothermal reduction. In this study, Sb 2 O 3 was used as the raw material, and the resonant cavity perturbation method was used to select anthracite as the reducing age...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of sustainable metallurgy 2024, Vol.10 (2), p.603-624 |
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| creator | Li, Lingbo Zhou, Li Liu, Chenhui Li, Yingwei Gao, Jiyun |
| description | Antimony is often used as a hardener for alloys. There are few studies on the preparation of antimony from Sb
2
O
3
by microwave carbothermal reduction. In this study, Sb
2
O
3
was used as the raw material, and the resonant cavity perturbation method was used to select anthracite as the reducing agent according to the microwave absorption of the material mixture. The single-factor experiment of reduction temperature, reduction time, and reducing agent ratio was carried out in a microwave tube furnace. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the reduction temperature was 758 °C, the reduction time was 56 min, the reducing agent addition ratio was 0.123, and the molten salt addition ratio was 0.1. An antimony ingot with a yield of 92.19% and a purity of 99.45% was obtained. The products and residue of the antimony ingot were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide powder in a microwave field was studied. The results showed that the microwave carbothermal reduction process of Sb
2
O
3
under a microwave field had three stages: 25~655 °C, 655~850 °C, and >850 °C. Different stages changed with temperature. This green and energy-saving microwave heating technology can provide a feasible method for the efficient preparation of antimony.
Graphical Abstract |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40831-024-00809-2 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_3065609319</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3065609319</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-aa7e5a765c0e35487d892db539fc2dcf1671978c2e3eeee29d07ba120c5832bd3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kEFLAzEQhRdRsNT-AU8Bz6uTpLvZeCvFqtDSInoO2WTWbuluarK1FvzxRit6EJzLTIb33oQvSc4pXFIAcRWGUHCaAhumAAXIlB0lPUalTHncH__MjJ8mgxBWAMAEHwpBe8n7wuNGe93VriWuIqO2qxvX7skMO70m5Z6MtS9dt0TfxPcD2q35o52_1RbJwu0selK3RJNZbbzb6VckkxrX9jrGmaVu69AQ3Vqy8M5gCGfJSaXXAQffvZ88TW4ex3fpdH57Px5NU8MEdKnWAjMt8swA8mxYCFtIZsuMy8owayqaCypFYRhyjMWkBVFqysBkBWel5f3k4pC78e5li6FTK7f1bTypOORZDpJTGVXsoIpfD8FjpTa-brTfKwrqE7Q6gFYRtPoCrVg08YMpRHH7jP43-h_XBxm5gW0</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3065609319</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process</title><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Li, Lingbo ; Zhou, Li ; Liu, Chenhui ; Li, Yingwei ; Gao, Jiyun</creator><creatorcontrib>Li, Lingbo ; Zhou, Li ; Liu, Chenhui ; Li, Yingwei ; Gao, Jiyun</creatorcontrib><description>Antimony is often used as a hardener for alloys. There are few studies on the preparation of antimony from Sb
2
O
3
by microwave carbothermal reduction. In this study, Sb
2
O
3
was used as the raw material, and the resonant cavity perturbation method was used to select anthracite as the reducing agent according to the microwave absorption of the material mixture. The single-factor experiment of reduction temperature, reduction time, and reducing agent ratio was carried out in a microwave tube furnace. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the reduction temperature was 758 °C, the reduction time was 56 min, the reducing agent addition ratio was 0.123, and the molten salt addition ratio was 0.1. An antimony ingot with a yield of 92.19% and a purity of 99.45% was obtained. The products and residue of the antimony ingot were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide powder in a microwave field was studied. The results showed that the microwave carbothermal reduction process of Sb
2
O
3
under a microwave field had three stages: 25~655 °C, 655~850 °C, and >850 °C. Different stages changed with temperature. This green and energy-saving microwave heating technology can provide a feasible method for the efficient preparation of antimony.
Graphical Abstract</description><identifier>ISSN: 2199-3823</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2199-3831</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40831-024-00809-2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Anthracite ; Antimony oxides ; Antimony trioxide ; Clean energy ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Ingots ; Metallic Materials ; Microwave absorption ; Microwave tubes ; Molten salts ; Perturbation methods ; Process parameters ; Raw materials ; Reagents ; Reducing agents ; Research Article ; Response surface methodology ; Sustainable Development ; Tube furnaces ; X-ray fluorescence</subject><ispartof>Journal of sustainable metallurgy, 2024, Vol.10 (2), p.603-624</ispartof><rights>The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-aa7e5a765c0e35487d892db539fc2dcf1671978c2e3eeee29d07ba120c5832bd3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0098-3126</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-024-00809-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40831-024-00809-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904,41467,42536,51298</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Li, Lingbo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Chenhui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yingwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Jiyun</creatorcontrib><title>Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process</title><title>Journal of sustainable metallurgy</title><addtitle>J. Sustain. Metall</addtitle><description>Antimony is often used as a hardener for alloys. There are few studies on the preparation of antimony from Sb
2
O
3
by microwave carbothermal reduction. In this study, Sb
2
O
3
was used as the raw material, and the resonant cavity perturbation method was used to select anthracite as the reducing agent according to the microwave absorption of the material mixture. The single-factor experiment of reduction temperature, reduction time, and reducing agent ratio was carried out in a microwave tube furnace. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the reduction temperature was 758 °C, the reduction time was 56 min, the reducing agent addition ratio was 0.123, and the molten salt addition ratio was 0.1. An antimony ingot with a yield of 92.19% and a purity of 99.45% was obtained. The products and residue of the antimony ingot were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide powder in a microwave field was studied. The results showed that the microwave carbothermal reduction process of Sb
2
O
3
under a microwave field had three stages: 25~655 °C, 655~850 °C, and >850 °C. Different stages changed with temperature. This green and energy-saving microwave heating technology can provide a feasible method for the efficient preparation of antimony.
Graphical Abstract</description><subject>Anthracite</subject><subject>Antimony oxides</subject><subject>Antimony trioxide</subject><subject>Clean energy</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Ingots</subject><subject>Metallic Materials</subject><subject>Microwave absorption</subject><subject>Microwave tubes</subject><subject>Molten salts</subject><subject>Perturbation methods</subject><subject>Process parameters</subject><subject>Raw materials</subject><subject>Reagents</subject><subject>Reducing agents</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Response surface methodology</subject><subject>Sustainable Development</subject><subject>Tube furnaces</subject><subject>X-ray fluorescence</subject><issn>2199-3823</issn><issn>2199-3831</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kEFLAzEQhRdRsNT-AU8Bz6uTpLvZeCvFqtDSInoO2WTWbuluarK1FvzxRit6EJzLTIb33oQvSc4pXFIAcRWGUHCaAhumAAXIlB0lPUalTHncH__MjJ8mgxBWAMAEHwpBe8n7wuNGe93VriWuIqO2qxvX7skMO70m5Z6MtS9dt0TfxPcD2q35o52_1RbJwu0selK3RJNZbbzb6VckkxrX9jrGmaVu69AQ3Vqy8M5gCGfJSaXXAQffvZ88TW4ex3fpdH57Px5NU8MEdKnWAjMt8swA8mxYCFtIZsuMy8owayqaCypFYRhyjMWkBVFqysBkBWel5f3k4pC78e5li6FTK7f1bTypOORZDpJTGVXsoIpfD8FjpTa-brTfKwrqE7Q6gFYRtPoCrVg08YMpRHH7jP43-h_XBxm5gW0</recordid><startdate>2024</startdate><enddate>2024</enddate><creator>Li, Lingbo</creator><creator>Zhou, Li</creator><creator>Liu, Chenhui</creator><creator>Li, Yingwei</creator><creator>Gao, Jiyun</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-3126</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2024</creationdate><title>Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process</title><author>Li, Lingbo ; Zhou, Li ; Liu, Chenhui ; Li, Yingwei ; Gao, Jiyun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-aa7e5a765c0e35487d892db539fc2dcf1671978c2e3eeee29d07ba120c5832bd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Anthracite</topic><topic>Antimony oxides</topic><topic>Antimony trioxide</topic><topic>Clean energy</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Ingots</topic><topic>Metallic Materials</topic><topic>Microwave absorption</topic><topic>Microwave tubes</topic><topic>Molten salts</topic><topic>Perturbation methods</topic><topic>Process parameters</topic><topic>Raw materials</topic><topic>Reagents</topic><topic>Reducing agents</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Response surface methodology</topic><topic>Sustainable Development</topic><topic>Tube furnaces</topic><topic>X-ray fluorescence</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Li, Lingbo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhou, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Chenhui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yingwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Jiyun</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Journal of sustainable metallurgy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, Lingbo</au><au>Zhou, Li</au><au>Liu, Chenhui</au><au>Li, Yingwei</au><au>Gao, Jiyun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process</atitle><jtitle>Journal of sustainable metallurgy</jtitle><stitle>J. Sustain. Metall</stitle><date>2024</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>603</spage><epage>624</epage><pages>603-624</pages><issn>2199-3823</issn><eissn>2199-3831</eissn><abstract>Antimony is often used as a hardener for alloys. There are few studies on the preparation of antimony from Sb
2
O
3
by microwave carbothermal reduction. In this study, Sb
2
O
3
was used as the raw material, and the resonant cavity perturbation method was used to select anthracite as the reducing agent according to the microwave absorption of the material mixture. The single-factor experiment of reduction temperature, reduction time, and reducing agent ratio was carried out in a microwave tube furnace. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the reduction temperature was 758 °C, the reduction time was 56 min, the reducing agent addition ratio was 0.123, and the molten salt addition ratio was 0.1. An antimony ingot with a yield of 92.19% and a purity of 99.45% was obtained. The products and residue of the antimony ingot were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide powder in a microwave field was studied. The results showed that the microwave carbothermal reduction process of Sb
2
O
3
under a microwave field had three stages: 25~655 °C, 655~850 °C, and >850 °C. Different stages changed with temperature. This green and energy-saving microwave heating technology can provide a feasible method for the efficient preparation of antimony.
Graphical Abstract</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s40831-024-00809-2</doi><tpages>22</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-3126</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of sustainable metallurgy, 2024, Vol.10 (2), p.603-624 |
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| source | Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Anthracite Antimony oxides Antimony trioxide Clean energy Earth and Environmental Science Environment Ingots Metallic Materials Microwave absorption Microwave tubes Molten salts Perturbation methods Process parameters Raw materials Reagents Reducing agents Research Article Response surface methodology Sustainable Development Tube furnaces X-ray fluorescence |
| title | Preparation of Antimony Metal by Carbothermal Reduction of Antimony Oxide Powder in a Microwave Field: Mechanism and Process |
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