Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Soil within the Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration
As urbanization accelerates, the contamination of urban soil and the consequent health implications stemming from urban expansion are increasingly salient. In recent years, a plethora of cities and regions nationwide have embarked on rigorous soil geological surveys with a focus on environmental qua...
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description | As urbanization accelerates, the contamination of urban soil and the consequent health implications stemming from urban expansion are increasingly salient. In recent years, a plethora of cities and regions nationwide have embarked on rigorous soil geological surveys with a focus on environmental quality, yielding invaluable foundational data. This research aims to develop scientifically robust and rational land-use planning strategies while assessing the levels of heavy metal pollution and associated risks. The urban agglomeration encompassing Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Kaifeng (referred to as Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration) in Henan Province was designated as the study area. Leveraging the Nemerow comprehensive index method alongside the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method, this study delved into the pollution levels and potential ecological ramifications of nine heavy metals, namely Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Co. Research indicates that the hierarchy of individual potential ecological risks ranges from most to least significant as follows: Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Zn > As > Mn > Co. The concentrations of Cd in both Zhengzhou and Kaifeng surpassed the established background levels. Furthermore, the mean single-factor pollution index values for the heavy metals Cd and Zn exceeded 1, signifying a state of minor pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive index P of Cd and Zn is between 1 < Pcomp ≤ 2, which is considered mild pollution. The comprehensive P values of the other seven metal elements are all less than 0.7, reaching a clean (alert) level. Predominantly, the primary potential risk factor in the superficial soil of the Zheng–Bian–Luo urban agglomeration is Cd, while the ecological risk implications associated with other heavy metal elements are comparatively minimal. The soil environmental quality within the designated study area remains secure, although certain localized areas pose potential risks of heavy metal pollution. A comprehensive assessment of the current state of soil heavy metal pollution is essential to establish a theoretical foundation and provide technical support for soil environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and sustainable utilization. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/pr12050996 |
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In recent years, a plethora of cities and regions nationwide have embarked on rigorous soil geological surveys with a focus on environmental quality, yielding invaluable foundational data. This research aims to develop scientifically robust and rational land-use planning strategies while assessing the levels of heavy metal pollution and associated risks. The urban agglomeration encompassing Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Kaifeng (referred to as Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration) in Henan Province was designated as the study area. Leveraging the Nemerow comprehensive index method alongside the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method, this study delved into the pollution levels and potential ecological ramifications of nine heavy metals, namely Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Co. Research indicates that the hierarchy of individual potential ecological risks ranges from most to least significant as follows: Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Zn > As > Mn > Co. The concentrations of Cd in both Zhengzhou and Kaifeng surpassed the established background levels. Furthermore, the mean single-factor pollution index values for the heavy metals Cd and Zn exceeded 1, signifying a state of minor pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive index P of Cd and Zn is between 1 < Pcomp ≤ 2, which is considered mild pollution. The comprehensive P values of the other seven metal elements are all less than 0.7, reaching a clean (alert) level. Predominantly, the primary potential risk factor in the superficial soil of the Zheng–Bian–Luo urban agglomeration is Cd, while the ecological risk implications associated with other heavy metal elements are comparatively minimal. The soil environmental quality within the designated study area remains secure, although certain localized areas pose potential risks of heavy metal pollution. A comprehensive assessment of the current state of soil heavy metal pollution is essential to establish a theoretical foundation and provide technical support for soil environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and sustainable utilization.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2227-9717</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2227-9717</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/pr12050996</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Agglomeration ; Background levels ; Cadmium ; Chromium ; Cities ; Cobalt ; Contamination ; Copper ; Ecological risk assessment ; Environmental economics ; Environmental protection ; Environmental quality ; Geological surveys ; Geospatial data ; Heavy metals ; Industrial development ; Land use ; Land use management ; Lead ; Manganese ; Nickel ; Pollutants ; Pollution ; Pollution levels ; Risk assessment ; Risk factors ; Soil contamination ; Soil pollution ; Urban areas ; Urbanization ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Processes, 2024-05, Vol.12 (5), p.996</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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In recent years, a plethora of cities and regions nationwide have embarked on rigorous soil geological surveys with a focus on environmental quality, yielding invaluable foundational data. This research aims to develop scientifically robust and rational land-use planning strategies while assessing the levels of heavy metal pollution and associated risks. The urban agglomeration encompassing Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Kaifeng (referred to as Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration) in Henan Province was designated as the study area. Leveraging the Nemerow comprehensive index method alongside the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method, this study delved into the pollution levels and potential ecological ramifications of nine heavy metals, namely Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Co. Research indicates that the hierarchy of individual potential ecological risks ranges from most to least significant as follows: Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Zn > As > Mn > Co. The concentrations of Cd in both Zhengzhou and Kaifeng surpassed the established background levels. Furthermore, the mean single-factor pollution index values for the heavy metals Cd and Zn exceeded 1, signifying a state of minor pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive index P of Cd and Zn is between 1 < Pcomp ≤ 2, which is considered mild pollution. The comprehensive P values of the other seven metal elements are all less than 0.7, reaching a clean (alert) level. Predominantly, the primary potential risk factor in the superficial soil of the Zheng–Bian–Luo urban agglomeration is Cd, while the ecological risk implications associated with other heavy metal elements are comparatively minimal. The soil environmental quality within the designated study area remains secure, although certain localized areas pose potential risks of heavy metal pollution. A comprehensive assessment of the current state of soil heavy metal pollution is essential to establish a theoretical foundation and provide technical support for soil environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and sustainable utilization.</description><subject>Agglomeration</subject><subject>Background levels</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Cobalt</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Ecological risk assessment</subject><subject>Environmental economics</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Environmental quality</subject><subject>Geological surveys</subject><subject>Geospatial data</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Industrial development</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Land use management</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Manganese</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution levels</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Urbanization</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>2227-9717</issn><issn>2227-9717</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpNUcFKAzEQXUTBUnvxCwLehGo2u8lujrVUK1QEtRcvS5pOtqm7SU2ySm_-g3_ol5haQWcOb5h5b2bgJclpii-yjOPLjUsJpphzdpD0CCHFkBdpcfivPk4G3q9xDJ5mJWW9pBt5D963YAKyCk1BvG3RHQTRoLE1QbTaiKCtQcIs0UTaxtZaxuGD9i9IG_RodYPedVjFOqwAPa_A1F8fn1damAizzqK5WwiDRnXd2Bbcz7aT5EiJxsPgF_vJ_HryNJ4OZ_c3t-PRbCgJy8MQWMGoyHPGJCeqFItUcVgCKIK5yEQqQEKRl4rTkiwKBpgBlaBoRvLlAvI86ydn-70bZ1878KFa286ZeLLKMOWsIITuWBd7Vi0aqLRRNjghYy6h1dIaUDr2RwWn8RXCyig43wuks947UNXG6Va4bZXiamdF9WdF9g0__n5A</recordid><startdate>20240501</startdate><enddate>20240501</enddate><creator>Chen, Xiaolong</creator><creator>Zhang, Hongfeng</creator><creator>Wong, Cora Un In</creator><creator>Li, Fanbo</creator><creator>Xie, Sujun</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-3189</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-5008</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-4355</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240501</creationdate><title>Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Soil within the Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration</title><author>Chen, Xiaolong ; Zhang, Hongfeng ; Wong, Cora Un In ; Li, Fanbo ; Xie, Sujun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c264t-e6765a4466c92f8ab1f9edeef209a3a1aece748f9582b76e06e5cef5324dbe443</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Agglomeration</topic><topic>Background levels</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Cobalt</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Ecological risk assessment</topic><topic>Environmental economics</topic><topic>Environmental protection</topic><topic>Environmental quality</topic><topic>Geological surveys</topic><topic>Geospatial data</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Industrial development</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>Land use management</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Manganese</topic><topic>Nickel</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Pollution levels</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><topic>Urbanization</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chen, Xiaolong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Hongfeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Cora Un In</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Fanbo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xie, Sujun</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Processes</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chen, Xiaolong</au><au>Zhang, Hongfeng</au><au>Wong, Cora Un In</au><au>Li, Fanbo</au><au>Xie, Sujun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Soil within the Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration</atitle><jtitle>Processes</jtitle><date>2024-05-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>996</spage><pages>996-</pages><issn>2227-9717</issn><eissn>2227-9717</eissn><abstract>As urbanization accelerates, the contamination of urban soil and the consequent health implications stemming from urban expansion are increasingly salient. In recent years, a plethora of cities and regions nationwide have embarked on rigorous soil geological surveys with a focus on environmental quality, yielding invaluable foundational data. This research aims to develop scientifically robust and rational land-use planning strategies while assessing the levels of heavy metal pollution and associated risks. The urban agglomeration encompassing Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Kaifeng (referred to as Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration) in Henan Province was designated as the study area. Leveraging the Nemerow comprehensive index method alongside the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method, this study delved into the pollution levels and potential ecological ramifications of nine heavy metals, namely Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Co. Research indicates that the hierarchy of individual potential ecological risks ranges from most to least significant as follows: Cd > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Zn > As > Mn > Co. The concentrations of Cd in both Zhengzhou and Kaifeng surpassed the established background levels. Furthermore, the mean single-factor pollution index values for the heavy metals Cd and Zn exceeded 1, signifying a state of minor pollution. The Nemerow comprehensive index P of Cd and Zn is between 1 < Pcomp ≤ 2, which is considered mild pollution. The comprehensive P values of the other seven metal elements are all less than 0.7, reaching a clean (alert) level. Predominantly, the primary potential risk factor in the superficial soil of the Zheng–Bian–Luo urban agglomeration is Cd, while the ecological risk implications associated with other heavy metal elements are comparatively minimal. The soil environmental quality within the designated study area remains secure, although certain localized areas pose potential risks of heavy metal pollution. A comprehensive assessment of the current state of soil heavy metal pollution is essential to establish a theoretical foundation and provide technical support for soil environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and sustainable utilization.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/pr12050996</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-3189</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-5008</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-4355</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Agglomeration Background levels Cadmium Chromium Cities Cobalt Contamination Copper Ecological risk assessment Environmental economics Environmental protection Environmental quality Geological surveys Geospatial data Heavy metals Industrial development Land use Land use management Lead Manganese Nickel Pollutants Pollution Pollution levels Risk assessment Risk factors Soil contamination Soil pollution Urban areas Urbanization Zinc |
title | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Soil within the Zheng–Bian–Luo Urban Agglomeration |
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