A review of the use of hydrogen gas in internal combustion engines

The demand for fossil fuels is expanding daily as a result of the globalization of industry, which has driven a rise in global energy consumption. To address the growing need for sustainable energy to lower harmful emissions and address the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, research into viable alternative fuels with reduced environmental effects is urgently needed. Alternative energy sources that are sustainable, cost-effective, easy, and safe are thus being investigated by a number of countries. Hydrogen is a clean-burning alternative fuel that offers excellent efficiency and use characteristics. Due to its carbon-free nature, broad flammability limitations, and rapid flame rates, hydrogen may be regarded as a possible alternative to most fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic gases are also produced by hydrocarbon fuels, such that replacement by hydrogen in the near future would help to fulfil current rigorous emissions criteria. It is also anticipated that the use of hydrogen as a primary or additional fuel in engines would have a favorable influence on the environment. Hydrogen, despite being the most plentiful element in the universe, is not easily accessible in its molecular form, however, and it must be created via the use of other sources of energy. As a result, hydrogen acts mainly as a transporter of energy rather than an energy source. The difficult tasks of hydrogen production and delivery, as well as creating safe hydrogen storage for use in internal combustion engines, must be addressed before fully hydrogen-driven cars become economically feasible. Its uses as an additive for gasoline and diesel engines to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions are thus discussed. Engine power and torque rise significantly in gasoline engines when hydrogen is added to the fuel system, whereas they decrease in diesel engines when hydrogen is introduced. In terms of chemical compounds, gasoline engines emit fewer dangerous exhaust gases, while some diesel engines emit more nitrogen oxides under the influence of hydrogen. Overall, this study contains a summary of the numerous advancements that have occurred in this sector in recent years.