Laboratory Earthquake Ruptures Contained by Velocity Strengthening Fault Patches
Many natural faults are believed to consist of velocity weakening (VW) patches surrounded by velocity strengthening (VS) sections. Numerical studies routinely employ this framework to study earthquake sequences including repeating earthquakes. In this laboratory study, we made a VW asperity, of leng...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth 2024-04, Vol.129 (4), p.n/a |
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| description | Many natural faults are believed to consist of velocity weakening (VW) patches surrounded by velocity strengthening (VS) sections. Numerical studies routinely employ this framework to study earthquake sequences including repeating earthquakes. In this laboratory study, we made a VW asperity, of length L, from a bare Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA frictional interface and coated the surrounding interface with Teflon to make VS fault sections. Behavior of this isolated asperity was studied as a function of L (ranging from 100 to 400 mm) and the critical nucleation length, h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, which is inversely proportional to the applied normal stress (2–16 MPa). Consistent with recent numerical simulations, we observed aseismic slip for L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023JB028509 |
| format | Article |
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Plain Language Summary
Earthquakes are often modeled as a central fault section that slips seismically surrounded by a region that creeps slowly and generally stops earthquake ruptures. The central fault section weakens with increasing slip velocity, and is thus velocity weakening (VW). Surrounding regions strengthen and are velocity strengthening (VS). In this laboratory study, we used the glassy polymer PMMA for the VW section and coated the PMMA with Teflon to create the VS sections. We changed the size (L) of the VW area and the applied normal stress to the fault, which is proportional to L/h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, where h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$ is an earthquake nucleation length scale. With either an increase of applied normal stress or an increase in the size of the VW region (larger L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$), the slip behavior changed from stable slip to periodic slow events to faster and more irregular stick‐slip events. Fault ruptures not contained by the VS material, where the VW section extended all the way to the sample ends, made larger slip events that did not radiate seismic waves as efficiently with fault slip as expected for natural earthquakes. This shows that contained events are more similar to natural earthquakes than standard uncontained stick‐slip events.
Key Points
We developed a laboratory technique to generate heterogeneous friction properties and contained fault ruptures without using gouge
Three different slip modes were found as a function of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$: (a) aseismic slip, (b) periodic slip, and (c) non‐periodic slip
Ruptures stopped or slowed by velocity‐strengthening fault sections are closer to natural earthquakes than standard, complete‐rupture events</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9313</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9356</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023JB028509</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>aseismic seismic transition ; Asperity ; asperity erosion ; Coatings ; Correlation analysis ; Digital imaging ; Earthquake prediction ; Earthquakes ; Fault lines ; Free surfaces ; heterogeneous fault ; Image processing ; Laboratories ; Mathematical models ; Normal stress ; Nucleation ; Numerical simulations ; P-waves ; Polymers ; Polymethyl methacrylate ; Polymethylmethacrylate ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; repeating earthquakes ; Seismic activity ; Seismic waves ; Slip velocity ; Strengthening ; Velocity</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth, 2024-04, Vol.129 (4), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2024. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3304-a6142d3deb58080677ef4422bbbb1ab9289bb89cbdbedeccd764b5db09090d203</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3304-a6142d3deb58080677ef4422bbbb1ab9289bb89cbdbedeccd764b5db09090d203</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5689-3958 ; 0000-0003-3764-1517</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023JB028509$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023JB028509$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,1418,27929,27930,45579,45580</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Song, Jun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLaskey, Gregory C.</creatorcontrib><title>Laboratory Earthquake Ruptures Contained by Velocity Strengthening Fault Patches</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth</title><description>Many natural faults are believed to consist of velocity weakening (VW) patches surrounded by velocity strengthening (VS) sections. Numerical studies routinely employ this framework to study earthquake sequences including repeating earthquakes. In this laboratory study, we made a VW asperity, of length L, from a bare Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA frictional interface and coated the surrounding interface with Teflon to make VS fault sections. Behavior of this isolated asperity was studied as a function of L (ranging from 100 to 400 mm) and the critical nucleation length, h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, which is inversely proportional to the applied normal stress (2–16 MPa). Consistent with recent numerical simulations, we observed aseismic slip for L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 2, periodic slip for 2 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 6, and non‐periodic slip for 10 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. Furthermore, we compared the experiments where L was contained by VS material to standard stick‐slip events where L was bounded by free surfaces (i.e., L = the total sample length). The free surface case produced ∼10 times larger slip during stick‐slip events compared to the contained fault ruptures, even with identical L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. This disparity highlights how standard, complete‐rupture stick‐slip events differ from contained events expected in nature, due to both the free surface conditions and the heterogeneous normal stress along the fault near the free ends, as confirmed by Digital Image Correlation analysis. This study not only introduces the Teflon coating experimental technique for containing laboratory earthquake ruptures, but also highlights the utility of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ as a predictive parameter for earthquake behavior.
Plain Language Summary
Earthquakes are often modeled as a central fault section that slips seismically surrounded by a region that creeps slowly and generally stops earthquake ruptures. The central fault section weakens with increasing slip velocity, and is thus velocity weakening (VW). Surrounding regions strengthen and are velocity strengthening (VS). In this laboratory study, we used the glassy polymer PMMA for the VW section and coated the PMMA with Teflon to create the VS sections. We changed the size (L) of the VW area and the applied normal stress to the fault, which is proportional to L/h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, where h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$ is an earthquake nucleation length scale. With either an increase of applied normal stress or an increase in the size of the VW region (larger L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$), the slip behavior changed from stable slip to periodic slow events to faster and more irregular stick‐slip events. Fault ruptures not contained by the VS material, where the VW section extended all the way to the sample ends, made larger slip events that did not radiate seismic waves as efficiently with fault slip as expected for natural earthquakes. This shows that contained events are more similar to natural earthquakes than standard uncontained stick‐slip events.
Key Points
We developed a laboratory technique to generate heterogeneous friction properties and contained fault ruptures without using gouge
Three different slip modes were found as a function of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$: (a) aseismic slip, (b) periodic slip, and (c) non‐periodic slip
Ruptures stopped or slowed by velocity‐strengthening fault sections are closer to natural earthquakes than standard, complete‐rupture events</description><subject>aseismic seismic transition</subject><subject>Asperity</subject><subject>asperity erosion</subject><subject>Coatings</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Digital imaging</subject><subject>Earthquake prediction</subject><subject>Earthquakes</subject><subject>Fault lines</subject><subject>Free surfaces</subject><subject>heterogeneous fault</subject><subject>Image processing</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Normal stress</subject><subject>Nucleation</subject><subject>Numerical simulations</subject><subject>P-waves</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Polymethyl methacrylate</subject><subject>Polymethylmethacrylate</subject><subject>Polytetrafluoroethylene</subject><subject>repeating earthquakes</subject><subject>Seismic activity</subject><subject>Seismic waves</subject><subject>Slip velocity</subject><subject>Strengthening</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><issn>2169-9313</issn><issn>2169-9356</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kEtLAzEUhYMoWLQ7f0DAraN5zCtLW9pqKVjqYxuSyW07dZy0SQaZf2-kIq48d3Evl49z4CB0RcktJUzcMcL4fERYmRFxggaM5iIRPMtPf2_Kz9HQ-x2JKuOLpgO0XChtnQrW9XiiXNgeOvUOeNXtQ-fA47Ftg6pbMFj3-A0aW9Whx8_BQbsJW2jrdoOnqmsCXqpQbcFforO1ajwMf_YFep1OXsYPyeJp9ji-XySKc5ImKqcpM9yAzkpSkrwoYJ2mjOkoqrRgpdC6FJU2GgxUlSnyVGdGExHHMMIv0PXRd-_soQMf5M52ro2RMvpnsRHOWaRujlTlrPcO1nLv6g_lekmJ_K5N_q0t4vyIf9YN9P-ycj5bjbK8YCn_AkM0bp4</recordid><startdate>202404</startdate><enddate>202404</enddate><creator>Song, Jun Young</creator><creator>McLaskey, Gregory C.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-3958</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-1517</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202404</creationdate><title>Laboratory Earthquake Ruptures Contained by Velocity Strengthening Fault Patches</title><author>Song, Jun Young ; McLaskey, Gregory C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a3304-a6142d3deb58080677ef4422bbbb1ab9289bb89cbdbedeccd764b5db09090d203</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>aseismic seismic transition</topic><topic>Asperity</topic><topic>asperity erosion</topic><topic>Coatings</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>Digital imaging</topic><topic>Earthquake prediction</topic><topic>Earthquakes</topic><topic>Fault lines</topic><topic>Free surfaces</topic><topic>heterogeneous fault</topic><topic>Image processing</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Normal stress</topic><topic>Nucleation</topic><topic>Numerical simulations</topic><topic>P-waves</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Polymethyl methacrylate</topic><topic>Polymethylmethacrylate</topic><topic>Polytetrafluoroethylene</topic><topic>repeating earthquakes</topic><topic>Seismic activity</topic><topic>Seismic waves</topic><topic>Slip velocity</topic><topic>Strengthening</topic><topic>Velocity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Song, Jun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLaskey, Gregory C.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Song, Jun Young</au><au>McLaskey, Gregory C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Laboratory Earthquake Ruptures Contained by Velocity Strengthening Fault Patches</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth</jtitle><date>2024-04</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>129</volume><issue>4</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9313</issn><eissn>2169-9356</eissn><abstract>Many natural faults are believed to consist of velocity weakening (VW) patches surrounded by velocity strengthening (VS) sections. Numerical studies routinely employ this framework to study earthquake sequences including repeating earthquakes. In this laboratory study, we made a VW asperity, of length L, from a bare Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA frictional interface and coated the surrounding interface with Teflon to make VS fault sections. Behavior of this isolated asperity was studied as a function of L (ranging from 100 to 400 mm) and the critical nucleation length, h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, which is inversely proportional to the applied normal stress (2–16 MPa). Consistent with recent numerical simulations, we observed aseismic slip for L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 2, periodic slip for 2 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ < 6, and non‐periodic slip for 10 < L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. Furthermore, we compared the experiments where L was contained by VS material to standard stick‐slip events where L was bounded by free surfaces (i.e., L = the total sample length). The free surface case produced ∼10 times larger slip during stick‐slip events compared to the contained fault ruptures, even with identical L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$. This disparity highlights how standard, complete‐rupture stick‐slip events differ from contained events expected in nature, due to both the free surface conditions and the heterogeneous normal stress along the fault near the free ends, as confirmed by Digital Image Correlation analysis. This study not only introduces the Teflon coating experimental technique for containing laboratory earthquake ruptures, but also highlights the utility of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$ as a predictive parameter for earthquake behavior.
Plain Language Summary
Earthquakes are often modeled as a central fault section that slips seismically surrounded by a region that creeps slowly and generally stops earthquake ruptures. The central fault section weakens with increasing slip velocity, and is thus velocity weakening (VW). Surrounding regions strengthen and are velocity strengthening (VS). In this laboratory study, we used the glassy polymer PMMA for the VW section and coated the PMMA with Teflon to create the VS sections. We changed the size (L) of the VW area and the applied normal stress to the fault, which is proportional to L/h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$, where h∗ ${h}^{\ast }$ is an earthquake nucleation length scale. With either an increase of applied normal stress or an increase in the size of the VW region (larger L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$), the slip behavior changed from stable slip to periodic slow events to faster and more irregular stick‐slip events. Fault ruptures not contained by the VS material, where the VW section extended all the way to the sample ends, made larger slip events that did not radiate seismic waves as efficiently with fault slip as expected for natural earthquakes. This shows that contained events are more similar to natural earthquakes than standard uncontained stick‐slip events.
Key Points
We developed a laboratory technique to generate heterogeneous friction properties and contained fault ruptures without using gouge
Three different slip modes were found as a function of L/h∗ $L/{h}^{\ast }$: (a) aseismic slip, (b) periodic slip, and (c) non‐periodic slip
Ruptures stopped or slowed by velocity‐strengthening fault sections are closer to natural earthquakes than standard, complete‐rupture events</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023JB028509</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-3958</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-1517</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | aseismic seismic transition Asperity asperity erosion Coatings Correlation analysis Digital imaging Earthquake prediction Earthquakes Fault lines Free surfaces heterogeneous fault Image processing Laboratories Mathematical models Normal stress Nucleation Numerical simulations P-waves Polymers Polymethyl methacrylate Polymethylmethacrylate Polytetrafluoroethylene repeating earthquakes Seismic activity Seismic waves Slip velocity Strengthening Velocity |
| title | Laboratory Earthquake Ruptures Contained by Velocity Strengthening Fault Patches |
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