Goal-setting theory and gamification in mobile fitness application: A measurement items analysis

Research efforts at the items development of Goal Setting Theory with gamification have received less attention among scholars especially in mobile fitness application context. The possible reason for this deficiency is the lack of measurement analysis tool and ideas of Goal Setting Theory and gamification from mobile fitness application context. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to develop a scale of measuring Goal Setting Theory and Gamification items based on its conceptualization. Data collected from a survey of fitness centres that used the mobile fitness application, from which 349 respondents filled out questionnaires for this study. The analysed data using the structural equation model (SEM) and, specifically, the partial least square structural equation modelling for the measurement items. The results show that 30-items of this paper have passed the measurement items test requirement used for structural model testing. The research is expected to extends the knowledge frontier of Goal Setting Theory and gamification items and provides a tool for further investigation for academics and fitness practitioner.