Rosmarinic acid rich fraction from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves as promising agent for targeting the Pi3k/Akt/Mtor pathway to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. High expression of androgen has been identified as the main contribution towards this disease. Almost all prostate cancer begins with androgen dependent prostate cancer state which then develop to androgen independent prostate cancer or castration resistance prostate cancer. Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has often been found in many cases of castration resistance prostate cancer. This pathway is identified as a powerful pathway for inhibition of prostate cancer. Several herbal plants have been reported for their anti-cancer ability to inhibit the pathway of PI3K/Akt/mTOR due to their phytochemical content. Thus, this review focused on recent plant phytochemical findings that inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce apoptosis, as well as the new extraction techniques used to obtain the bioactive compound that inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, this article discusses prostate cancer treatment methods using currently available medications, as well as in vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models using cell lines and genetically engineered mice.