Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study
AIM : This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of three paediatric liquid oral medicines on bovine dental enamel subsurfaces under pH cycling conditions. METHODS : Bovine enamel blocks were evaluated for surface hardness at baseline for sample selection. 52 intact bovine enamel blocks (1...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European archives of paediatric dentistry 2012-10, Vol.13 (5), p.261-265 |
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| creator | Soares, D. N. Valinoti, A. C. Pierro, V. S. S. Antonio, A. G. Maia, L. C. |
| description | AIM
: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of three paediatric liquid oral medicines on bovine dental enamel subsurfaces under pH cycling conditions.
METHODS
: Bovine enamel blocks were evaluated for surface hardness at baseline for sample selection. 52 intact bovine enamel blocks (16mm
2
) were randomly divided into four groups (n=13) according to the immersion treatments: G1: antibiotic (Klaricid®), G2: antihistamine (Claritin®), G3: antihistamine (Dimetapp®) and G4: control (de-ionised water). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling treatments twice a day for 12 days. The medicines were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. After the treatment period, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) measurements of the enamel blocks were taken and the data, expressed in Knoop hardness number (kg/mm
2
) was used to calculate the ΔS.
STATISTICS
: ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used for statistical analyses (pG1>G2>G3 and G1>G2>G3>G4 respectively. Regarding the demineralisation pattern, the following results were observed: G4>G3>G2>G1. Compared to the control, the antibiotic and both the anti-histamines provoked less demineralisation of the enamel blocks (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/BF03262882 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2933745258</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A308598724</galeid><sourcerecordid>A308598724</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2a5ef1434304d24b444f7a9f4560f9a4c89d36f70173d365c22dc86e6976f23e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkV1LXDEQhkNpqR_tTX-ABHpnOTYnycmHd7pULQi9aa8P2WSiWc4ma5Ij-O_NstZFkFxkmHneYeYdhL715KwnRP68vCKMCqoU_YAOe61FpxUZPrZY9aoTjJADdFTKipBBMik-owPKCGdK8UM0L3IqpStga0jRTHgdbE73JrsIpeDk8TI9hggYolnDhMu8XDUWHK4J1_sMgDcGXDA1B4un8DAHh1PeNmpZ25TlHJuIQ8SPoeaES53d0xf0yZupwNeX_xj9u_r1d3HT3f65_r24uO0s71XtqBnA95zxNq6jfMk599JozwdBvDbcKu2Y8JL0krVgsJQ6qwQILYWnDNgx-r7ru8npYYZSx1Wac1uzjFQzJvlAB7Wn7swEY4g-1WzsOhQ7XjCiBq0k5Y06e4dqz0HzLEXwoeXfCE53Aru1OIMfNzmsTX4aezJuDzfuD9fgk5dJ52Vz7hX9f6kG_NgBpZXiHeT9Ku-0ewbQ9J83</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2933745258</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</source><source>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><source>ProQuest Central</source><creator>Soares, D. N. ; Valinoti, A. C. ; Pierro, V. S. S. ; Antonio, A. G. ; Maia, L. C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Soares, D. N. ; Valinoti, A. C. ; Pierro, V. S. S. ; Antonio, A. G. ; Maia, L. C.</creatorcontrib><description>AIM
: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of three paediatric liquid oral medicines on bovine dental enamel subsurfaces under pH cycling conditions.
METHODS
: Bovine enamel blocks were evaluated for surface hardness at baseline for sample selection. 52 intact bovine enamel blocks (16mm
2
) were randomly divided into four groups (n=13) according to the immersion treatments: G1: antibiotic (Klaricid®), G2: antihistamine (Claritin®), G3: antihistamine (Dimetapp®) and G4: control (de-ionised water). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling treatments twice a day for 12 days. The medicines were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. After the treatment period, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) measurements of the enamel blocks were taken and the data, expressed in Knoop hardness number (kg/mm
2
) was used to calculate the ΔS.
STATISTICS
: ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used for statistical analyses (p<0.05).
RESULTS
: The antibiotic Klaricid® showed the highest concentration of fluoride, calcium and phosphate. Considering pH and viscosity, the following pattern was observed according to the treatment group: G4>G1>G2>G3 and G1>G2>G3>G4 respectively. Regarding the demineralisation pattern, the following results were observed: G4>G3>G2>G1. Compared to the control, the antibiotic and both the anti-histamines provoked less demineralisation of the enamel blocks (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
: Antibiotic G1 (Klaricid ®sented an in vitro protective effect against acid attacks probably due to its mineral content and viscosity.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1818-6300</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-9805</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/BF03262882</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23043884</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry ; Antibiotics ; Antihistamines ; Brompheniramine - adverse effects ; Brompheniramine - chemistry ; Calcium - analysis ; Calcium fluoride ; Cattle ; Children ; Clarithromycin - adverse effects ; Clarithromycin - chemistry ; Cycles ; Demineralizing ; Dental caries ; Dental enamel ; Dental Enamel - drug effects ; Dental Enamel Solubility - drug effects ; Dentistry ; Diseases ; Drug Combinations ; Enamel ; Enamel and enameling ; Fluorides ; Fluorides - analysis ; Hardness ; Health aspects ; Histamine ; Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - adverse effects ; Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Knoop hardness ; Loratadine - adverse effects ; Loratadine - chemistry ; Medicine ; Microhardness ; Nasal Decongestants - adverse effects ; Nasal Decongestants - chemistry ; Pediatrics ; Pharmaceutic Aids - adverse effects ; Pharmaceutic Aids - chemistry ; Phosphates - analysis ; Physiological aspects ; Pseudoephedrine - adverse effects ; Pseudoephedrine - chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Risk factors ; Saline water conversion ; Solutions ; Statistical analysis ; Surface hardness ; Tooth Demineralization - chemically induced ; Viscosity</subject><ispartof>European archives of paediatric dentistry, 2012-10, Vol.13 (5), p.261-265</ispartof><rights>Adis International 2012</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry</rights><rights>Adis International 2012.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2a5ef1434304d24b444f7a9f4560f9a4c89d36f70173d365c22dc86e6976f23e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2a5ef1434304d24b444f7a9f4560f9a4c89d36f70173d365c22dc86e6976f23e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03262882$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2933745258?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21388,21389,27924,27925,33530,33744,41488,42557,43659,43805,51319,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23043884$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Soares, D. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valinoti, A. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pierro, V. S. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antonio, A. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maia, L. C.</creatorcontrib><title>Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study</title><title>European archives of paediatric dentistry</title><addtitle>Eur Arch Paediatr Dent</addtitle><addtitle>Eur Arch Paediatr Dent</addtitle><description>AIM
: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of three paediatric liquid oral medicines on bovine dental enamel subsurfaces under pH cycling conditions.
METHODS
: Bovine enamel blocks were evaluated for surface hardness at baseline for sample selection. 52 intact bovine enamel blocks (16mm
2
) were randomly divided into four groups (n=13) according to the immersion treatments: G1: antibiotic (Klaricid®), G2: antihistamine (Claritin®), G3: antihistamine (Dimetapp®) and G4: control (de-ionised water). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling treatments twice a day for 12 days. The medicines were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. After the treatment period, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) measurements of the enamel blocks were taken and the data, expressed in Knoop hardness number (kg/mm
2
) was used to calculate the ΔS.
STATISTICS
: ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used for statistical analyses (p<0.05).
RESULTS
: The antibiotic Klaricid® showed the highest concentration of fluoride, calcium and phosphate. Considering pH and viscosity, the following pattern was observed according to the treatment group: G4>G1>G2>G3 and G1>G2>G3>G4 respectively. Regarding the demineralisation pattern, the following results were observed: G4>G3>G2>G1. Compared to the control, the antibiotic and both the anti-histamines provoked less demineralisation of the enamel blocks (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
: Antibiotic G1 (Klaricid ®sented an in vitro protective effect against acid attacks probably due to its mineral content and viscosity.</description><subject>Anatomy, Cross-Sectional</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Antihistamines</subject><subject>Brompheniramine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Brompheniramine - chemistry</subject><subject>Calcium - analysis</subject><subject>Calcium fluoride</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Clarithromycin - adverse effects</subject><subject>Clarithromycin - chemistry</subject><subject>Cycles</subject><subject>Demineralizing</subject><subject>Dental caries</subject><subject>Dental enamel</subject><subject>Dental Enamel - drug effects</subject><subject>Dental Enamel Solubility - drug effects</subject><subject>Dentistry</subject><subject>Diseases</subject><subject>Drug Combinations</subject><subject>Enamel</subject><subject>Enamel and enameling</subject><subject>Fluorides</subject><subject>Fluorides - analysis</subject><subject>Hardness</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Histamine</subject><subject>Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - adverse effects</subject><subject>Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - chemistry</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Knoop hardness</subject><subject>Loratadine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Loratadine - chemistry</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Microhardness</subject><subject>Nasal Decongestants - adverse effects</subject><subject>Nasal Decongestants - chemistry</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Pharmaceutic Aids - adverse effects</subject><subject>Pharmaceutic Aids - chemistry</subject><subject>Phosphates - analysis</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Pseudoephedrine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Pseudoephedrine - chemistry</subject><subject>Random Allocation</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Saline water conversion</subject><subject>Solutions</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Surface hardness</subject><subject>Tooth Demineralization - chemically induced</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><issn>1818-6300</issn><issn>1996-9805</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNptkV1LXDEQhkNpqR_tTX-ABHpnOTYnycmHd7pULQi9aa8P2WSiWc4ma5Ij-O_NstZFkFxkmHneYeYdhL715KwnRP68vCKMCqoU_YAOe61FpxUZPrZY9aoTjJADdFTKipBBMik-owPKCGdK8UM0L3IqpStga0jRTHgdbE73JrsIpeDk8TI9hggYolnDhMu8XDUWHK4J1_sMgDcGXDA1B4un8DAHh1PeNmpZ25TlHJuIQ8SPoeaES53d0xf0yZupwNeX_xj9u_r1d3HT3f65_r24uO0s71XtqBnA95zxNq6jfMk599JozwdBvDbcKu2Y8JL0krVgsJQ6qwQILYWnDNgx-r7ru8npYYZSx1Wac1uzjFQzJvlAB7Wn7swEY4g-1WzsOhQ7XjCiBq0k5Y06e4dqz0HzLEXwoeXfCE53Aru1OIMfNzmsTX4aezJuDzfuD9fgk5dJ52Vz7hX9f6kG_NgBpZXiHeT9Ku-0ewbQ9J83</recordid><startdate>20121001</startdate><enddate>20121001</enddate><creator>Soares, D. N.</creator><creator>Valinoti, A. C.</creator><creator>Pierro, V. S. S.</creator><creator>Antonio, A. G.</creator><creator>Maia, L. C.</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121001</creationdate><title>Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study</title><author>Soares, D. N. ; Valinoti, A. C. ; Pierro, V. S. S. ; Antonio, A. G. ; Maia, L. C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-2a5ef1434304d24b444f7a9f4560f9a4c89d36f70173d365c22dc86e6976f23e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Anatomy, Cross-Sectional</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>Antihistamines</topic><topic>Brompheniramine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Brompheniramine - chemistry</topic><topic>Calcium - analysis</topic><topic>Calcium fluoride</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Clarithromycin - adverse effects</topic><topic>Clarithromycin - chemistry</topic><topic>Cycles</topic><topic>Demineralizing</topic><topic>Dental caries</topic><topic>Dental enamel</topic><topic>Dental Enamel - drug effects</topic><topic>Dental Enamel Solubility - drug effects</topic><topic>Dentistry</topic><topic>Diseases</topic><topic>Drug Combinations</topic><topic>Enamel</topic><topic>Enamel and enameling</topic><topic>Fluorides</topic><topic>Fluorides - analysis</topic><topic>Hardness</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Histamine</topic><topic>Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - adverse effects</topic><topic>Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - chemistry</topic><topic>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</topic><topic>Knoop hardness</topic><topic>Loratadine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Loratadine - chemistry</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Microhardness</topic><topic>Nasal Decongestants - adverse effects</topic><topic>Nasal Decongestants - chemistry</topic><topic>Pediatrics</topic><topic>Pharmaceutic Aids - adverse effects</topic><topic>Pharmaceutic Aids - chemistry</topic><topic>Phosphates - analysis</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Pseudoephedrine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Pseudoephedrine - chemistry</topic><topic>Random Allocation</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Saline water conversion</topic><topic>Solutions</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Surface hardness</topic><topic>Tooth Demineralization - chemically induced</topic><topic>Viscosity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Soares, D. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valinoti, A. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pierro, V. S. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antonio, A. G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maia, L. C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>European archives of paediatric dentistry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Soares, D. N.</au><au>Valinoti, A. C.</au><au>Pierro, V. S. S.</au><au>Antonio, A. G.</au><au>Maia, L. C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study</atitle><jtitle>European archives of paediatric dentistry</jtitle><stitle>Eur Arch Paediatr Dent</stitle><addtitle>Eur Arch Paediatr Dent</addtitle><date>2012-10-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>261</spage><epage>265</epage><pages>261-265</pages><issn>1818-6300</issn><eissn>1996-9805</eissn><abstract>AIM
: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of three paediatric liquid oral medicines on bovine dental enamel subsurfaces under pH cycling conditions.
METHODS
: Bovine enamel blocks were evaluated for surface hardness at baseline for sample selection. 52 intact bovine enamel blocks (16mm
2
) were randomly divided into four groups (n=13) according to the immersion treatments: G1: antibiotic (Klaricid®), G2: antihistamine (Claritin®), G3: antihistamine (Dimetapp®) and G4: control (de-ionised water). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling treatments twice a day for 12 days. The medicines were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. After the treatment period, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) measurements of the enamel blocks were taken and the data, expressed in Knoop hardness number (kg/mm
2
) was used to calculate the ΔS.
STATISTICS
: ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used for statistical analyses (p<0.05).
RESULTS
: The antibiotic Klaricid® showed the highest concentration of fluoride, calcium and phosphate. Considering pH and viscosity, the following pattern was observed according to the treatment group: G4>G1>G2>G3 and G1>G2>G3>G4 respectively. Regarding the demineralisation pattern, the following results were observed: G4>G3>G2>G1. Compared to the control, the antibiotic and both the anti-histamines provoked less demineralisation of the enamel blocks (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
: Antibiotic G1 (Klaricid ®sented an in vitro protective effect against acid attacks probably due to its mineral content and viscosity.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>23043884</pmid><doi>10.1007/BF03262882</doi><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1818-6300 |
| ispartof | European archives of paediatric dentistry, 2012-10, Vol.13 (5), p.261-265 |
| issn | 1818-6300 1996-9805 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2933745258 |
| source | MEDLINE; ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition); ProQuest Central UK/Ireland; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings; ProQuest Central |
| subjects | Anatomy, Cross-Sectional Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry Antibiotics Antihistamines Brompheniramine - adverse effects Brompheniramine - chemistry Calcium - analysis Calcium fluoride Cattle Children Clarithromycin - adverse effects Clarithromycin - chemistry Cycles Demineralizing Dental caries Dental enamel Dental Enamel - drug effects Dental Enamel Solubility - drug effects Dentistry Diseases Drug Combinations Enamel Enamel and enameling Fluorides Fluorides - analysis Hardness Health aspects Histamine Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - adverse effects Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating - chemistry Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Knoop hardness Loratadine - adverse effects Loratadine - chemistry Medicine Microhardness Nasal Decongestants - adverse effects Nasal Decongestants - chemistry Pediatrics Pharmaceutic Aids - adverse effects Pharmaceutic Aids - chemistry Phosphates - analysis Physiological aspects Pseudoephedrine - adverse effects Pseudoephedrine - chemistry Random Allocation Risk factors Saline water conversion Solutions Statistical analysis Surface hardness Tooth Demineralization - chemically induced Viscosity |
| title | Cross-sectional microhardness of bovine enamel subjected to three paediatric liquid oral medicines: an in vitro study |
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