Long-Term Effect of Heavy Metal–Polluted Wastewater Irrigation on Physiological and Ecological Parameters of Salicornia europaea L
Irrigation of Salicornia europaea with heavy metal–polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of Salicornia europaea under waste...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of soil science and plant nutrition 2020-09, Vol.20 (3), p.1574-1587 |
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| creator | Khalilzadeh, Razieh Pirzad, Alireza Sepehr, Ebrahim Khan, Shahbaz Anwar, Sumera |
| description | Irrigation of
Salicornia europaea
with heavy metal–polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of
Salicornia europaea
under wastewater irrigation at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included control and wastewater irrigation (containing zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)) at three stages (vegetative, flowering, and reproductive) of plant growth and two times (two and 4 days in each stage). The result showed that the wastewater application at reproductive stage resulted in higher biomass production than that of the control plants. Wastewater irrigation at the flowering stage caused a significant increase in the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-
a
, while chlorophyll-
b
content was decreased at both flowering and reproductive stages. The amount of the total soluble protein was also affected, with wastewater irrigation showing the most significant increase at the reproductive stage. There was significant enhancement of osmolytes in leaves of plant under heavy metal stress, and the increased rate of proline was higher than soluble sugar at the flowering stage. Relative water content in
Salicornia
was not duration- and time-dependent. A 154% increase in catalase activity, 32% increase in peroxidase activity, and 57% increase in polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in the plant exposed to long-term wastewater duration. Based on the observed positive effect of wastewater on shoot length and weight, total soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, enzyme activities, and plant biomass of
Salicornia europaea
, long-term effect of heavy metal–polluted wastewater irrigation can be approved for
Salicornia
crops in coastal areas. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s42729-020-00299-7 |
| format | Article |
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Salicornia europaea
with heavy metal–polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of
Salicornia europaea
under wastewater irrigation at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included control and wastewater irrigation (containing zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)) at three stages (vegetative, flowering, and reproductive) of plant growth and two times (two and 4 days in each stage). The result showed that the wastewater application at reproductive stage resulted in higher biomass production than that of the control plants. Wastewater irrigation at the flowering stage caused a significant increase in the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-
a
, while chlorophyll-
b
content was decreased at both flowering and reproductive stages. The amount of the total soluble protein was also affected, with wastewater irrigation showing the most significant increase at the reproductive stage. There was significant enhancement of osmolytes in leaves of plant under heavy metal stress, and the increased rate of proline was higher than soluble sugar at the flowering stage. Relative water content in
Salicornia
was not duration- and time-dependent. A 154% increase in catalase activity, 32% increase in peroxidase activity, and 57% increase in polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in the plant exposed to long-term wastewater duration. Based on the observed positive effect of wastewater on shoot length and weight, total soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, enzyme activities, and plant biomass of
Salicornia europaea
, long-term effect of heavy metal–polluted wastewater irrigation can be approved for
Salicornia
crops in coastal areas.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0718-9508</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 0718-9516</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s42729-020-00299-7</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Antioxidants ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Biomass ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Cadmium ; Catalase ; Chlorophyll ; Coastal zone ; Coasts ; Copper ; Ecological effects ; Ecology ; Environment ; Enzymatic activity ; Enzymes ; Flowering ; Flowers & plants ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Life Sciences ; Loam soils ; Moisture content ; Nickel ; Original Paper ; Oxidative stress ; Peroxidase ; Physiological effects ; Physiology ; Plant biomass ; Plant growth ; Plant Sciences ; Plants (botany) ; Pollution ; Polyphenol oxidase ; Proline ; Proteins ; Risk reduction ; Salicornia ; Salicornia europaea ; Salt ; Sewage ; Soil fertility ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Sugar ; Wastewater ; Wastewater irrigation ; Wastewater pollution ; Water content</subject><ispartof>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 2020-09, Vol.20 (3), p.1574-1587</ispartof><rights>Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020</rights><rights>Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2347-99a0f9c1dc9f71500f3ff2519dc81be802e3aeec6f99b7571df3de346be633183</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2347-99a0f9c1dc9f71500f3ff2519dc81be802e3aeec6f99b7571df3de346be633183</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6122-8728</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42729-020-00299-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2933610498?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21388,21389,21390,21391,23256,27924,27925,33530,33703,33744,34005,34314,41488,42557,43659,43787,43805,43953,44067,51319,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Khalilzadeh, Razieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirzad, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sepehr, Ebrahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shahbaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anwar, Sumera</creatorcontrib><title>Long-Term Effect of Heavy Metal–Polluted Wastewater Irrigation on Physiological and Ecological Parameters of Salicornia europaea L</title><title>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition</title><addtitle>J Soil Sci Plant Nutr</addtitle><description>Irrigation of
Salicornia europaea
with heavy metal–polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of
Salicornia europaea
under wastewater irrigation at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included control and wastewater irrigation (containing zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)) at three stages (vegetative, flowering, and reproductive) of plant growth and two times (two and 4 days in each stage). The result showed that the wastewater application at reproductive stage resulted in higher biomass production than that of the control plants. Wastewater irrigation at the flowering stage caused a significant increase in the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-
a
, while chlorophyll-
b
content was decreased at both flowering and reproductive stages. The amount of the total soluble protein was also affected, with wastewater irrigation showing the most significant increase at the reproductive stage. There was significant enhancement of osmolytes in leaves of plant under heavy metal stress, and the increased rate of proline was higher than soluble sugar at the flowering stage. Relative water content in
Salicornia
was not duration- and time-dependent. A 154% increase in catalase activity, 32% increase in peroxidase activity, and 57% increase in polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in the plant exposed to long-term wastewater duration. Based on the observed positive effect of wastewater on shoot length and weight, total soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, enzyme activities, and plant biomass of
Salicornia europaea
, long-term effect of heavy metal–polluted wastewater irrigation can be approved for
Salicornia
crops in coastal areas.</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Catalase</subject><subject>Chlorophyll</subject><subject>Coastal zone</subject><subject>Coasts</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Ecological effects</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Enzymatic activity</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Flowering</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Loam soils</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Peroxidase</subject><subject>Physiological effects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plant biomass</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plant Sciences</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Polyphenol oxidase</subject><subject>Proline</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Risk reduction</subject><subject>Salicornia</subject><subject>Salicornia europaea</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Sewage</subject><subject>Soil fertility</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Sugar</subject><subject>Wastewater</subject><subject>Wastewater irrigation</subject><subject>Wastewater pollution</subject><subject>Water content</subject><issn>0718-9508</issn><issn>0718-9516</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMFKAzEQhhdRUKov4CngeXWSdDebo0i1hYoFKx7DNDupK9tNTbZKbx58A9_QJ3Frpd4cBmYG_u8f-JPklMM5B1AXsS-U0CkISAGE1qnaS45A8SLVGc_3dzsUh8lJjM_QVQGQgTpKPsa-madTCgs2cI5sy7xjQ8LXNbulFuuv98-Jr-tVSyV7xNjSG7YU2CiEao5t5RvW9eRpHStf-3llsWbYlGxgd-cEAy6og-LG-h7ryvrQVMhoFfwSCdn4ODlwWEc6-Z295OF6ML0apuO7m9HV5Ti1QvZVqjWC05aXVjvFMwAnnRMZ16Ut-IwKECSRyOZO65nKFC-dLEn28xnlUvJC9pKzre8y-JcVxdY8-1VoupdGaClzDn29UYmtygYfYyBnlqFaYFgbDmYTuNkGbrrAzU_gRnWQ3EKxEzdzCn_W_1DfeGGFug</recordid><startdate>20200901</startdate><enddate>20200901</enddate><creator>Khalilzadeh, Razieh</creator><creator>Pirzad, Alireza</creator><creator>Sepehr, Ebrahim</creator><creator>Khan, Shahbaz</creator><creator>Anwar, Sumera</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-8728</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200901</creationdate><title>Long-Term Effect of Heavy Metal–Polluted Wastewater Irrigation on Physiological and Ecological Parameters of Salicornia europaea L</title><author>Khalilzadeh, Razieh ; Pirzad, Alireza ; Sepehr, Ebrahim ; Khan, Shahbaz ; Anwar, Sumera</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2347-99a0f9c1dc9f71500f3ff2519dc81be802e3aeec6f99b7571df3de346be633183</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Aquatic ecosystems</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Catalase</topic><topic>Chlorophyll</topic><topic>Coastal zone</topic><topic>Coasts</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Ecological effects</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Enzymatic activity</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Flowering</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Loam soils</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Nickel</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>Peroxidase</topic><topic>Physiological effects</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Plant biomass</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Plant Sciences</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Polyphenol oxidase</topic><topic>Proline</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Risk reduction</topic><topic>Salicornia</topic><topic>Salicornia europaea</topic><topic>Salt</topic><topic>Sewage</topic><topic>Soil fertility</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Sugar</topic><topic>Wastewater</topic><topic>Wastewater irrigation</topic><topic>Wastewater pollution</topic><topic>Water content</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Khalilzadeh, Razieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pirzad, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sepehr, Ebrahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shahbaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anwar, Sumera</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khalilzadeh, Razieh</au><au>Pirzad, Alireza</au><au>Sepehr, Ebrahim</au><au>Khan, Shahbaz</au><au>Anwar, Sumera</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long-Term Effect of Heavy Metal–Polluted Wastewater Irrigation on Physiological and Ecological Parameters of Salicornia europaea L</atitle><jtitle>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition</jtitle><stitle>J Soil Sci Plant Nutr</stitle><date>2020-09-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1574</spage><epage>1587</epage><pages>1574-1587</pages><issn>0718-9508</issn><eissn>0718-9516</eissn><abstract>Irrigation of
Salicornia europaea
with heavy metal–polluted wastewater is a promising alternative method for risk mitigation of the Urmia Lake ecosystem from uncontrolled sewage. The objective of the study was to evaluate morphological and physicochemical responses of
Salicornia europaea
under wastewater irrigation at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included control and wastewater irrigation (containing zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)) at three stages (vegetative, flowering, and reproductive) of plant growth and two times (two and 4 days in each stage). The result showed that the wastewater application at reproductive stage resulted in higher biomass production than that of the control plants. Wastewater irrigation at the flowering stage caused a significant increase in the amount of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-
a
, while chlorophyll-
b
content was decreased at both flowering and reproductive stages. The amount of the total soluble protein was also affected, with wastewater irrigation showing the most significant increase at the reproductive stage. There was significant enhancement of osmolytes in leaves of plant under heavy metal stress, and the increased rate of proline was higher than soluble sugar at the flowering stage. Relative water content in
Salicornia
was not duration- and time-dependent. A 154% increase in catalase activity, 32% increase in peroxidase activity, and 57% increase in polyphenol oxidase activity were observed in the plant exposed to long-term wastewater duration. Based on the observed positive effect of wastewater on shoot length and weight, total soluble protein, proline, soluble sugar, enzyme activities, and plant biomass of
Salicornia europaea
, long-term effect of heavy metal–polluted wastewater irrigation can be approved for
Salicornia
crops in coastal areas.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s42729-020-00299-7</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6122-8728</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 2020-09, Vol.20 (3), p.1574-1587 |
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| source | ProQuest Central Essentials; ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition); ProQuest Central Student; ProQuest Central Korea; ProQuest Central UK/Ireland; Alma/SFX Local Collection; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings; ProQuest Central |
| subjects | Agriculture Antioxidants Aquatic ecosystems Biomass Biomedical and Life Sciences Cadmium Catalase Chlorophyll Coastal zone Coasts Copper Ecological effects Ecology Environment Enzymatic activity Enzymes Flowering Flowers & plants Heavy metals Iron Irrigation Lead Life Sciences Loam soils Moisture content Nickel Original Paper Oxidative stress Peroxidase Physiological effects Physiology Plant biomass Plant growth Plant Sciences Plants (botany) Pollution Polyphenol oxidase Proline Proteins Risk reduction Salicornia Salicornia europaea Salt Sewage Soil fertility Soil Science & Conservation Sugar Wastewater Wastewater irrigation Wastewater pollution Water content |
| title | Long-Term Effect of Heavy Metal–Polluted Wastewater Irrigation on Physiological and Ecological Parameters of Salicornia europaea L |
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