Can Hostile Attitudes and Hostile Affections Lead to Depressive Symptoms Under Stress? A Study Based on Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences

Background Stress has a significant influence on the development of depressive symptoms. An individual’s coping style and resilience may moderate the symptoms of depression. This study is aimed to investigate the role of coping styles and resilience to depressive symptoms when individuals are facing stress in life based on racial/ethnic and gender differences. Methods Enrolled individuals were assessed using the Unfairness Scale, City Stress Inventory, Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results Three hundred ninety-six individuals completed the rating scales. There were significant interactions between race and unfairness, city stress ( P = 0.006, P