Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women
Objective Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women. Me...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Adaptive human behavior and physiology 2022-09, Vol.8 (3), p.344-354 |
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| creator | Borráz-León, Javier I. Luoto, Severi Krams, Indrikis A. Rantala, Markus J. Trakimas, Giedrius Kecko, Sanita Krama, Tatjana |
| description | Objective
Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women.
Methods
Two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to a group of 55 healthy women. Venous blood samples were collected at three time points: before the first vaccination (time I), one month after the first vaccination (time II), and one month after the second vaccination (time III), to quantify sex hormone levels (i.e., testosterone and estradiol) and the production of antibodies in response to the hepatitis B vaccinations.
Results
Women’s immune response (i.e., the production of hepatitis B antibodies) was negatively associated with testosterone levels one month after the first vaccination and positively associated with estradiol levels one month after the second vaccination. A decrease in testosterone levels between time II and time III was also observed. No differences in estradiol levels over time were found.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate negative associations between testosterone and immune responses in women as previously described for males of several animal species, including humans. There were also positive associations between estradiol and immune responses, highlighting the immunomodulatory role of sex hormones in women. Potential bidirectional effects between immune markers and sex hormones are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y |
| format | Article |
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Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women.
Methods
Two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to a group of 55 healthy women. Venous blood samples were collected at three time points: before the first vaccination (time I), one month after the first vaccination (time II), and one month after the second vaccination (time III), to quantify sex hormone levels (i.e., testosterone and estradiol) and the production of antibodies in response to the hepatitis B vaccinations.
Results
Women’s immune response (i.e., the production of hepatitis B antibodies) was negatively associated with testosterone levels one month after the first vaccination and positively associated with estradiol levels one month after the second vaccination. A decrease in testosterone levels between time II and time III was also observed. No differences in estradiol levels over time were found.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate negative associations between testosterone and immune responses in women as previously described for males of several animal species, including humans. There were also positive associations between estradiol and immune responses, highlighting the immunomodulatory role of sex hormones in women. Potential bidirectional effects between immune markers and sex hormones are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2198-7335</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2198-7335</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>17β-Estradiol ; Anthropology ; Antibodies ; Antigens ; Behavioral Sciences ; Biological Psychology ; Evolutionary Biology ; Gender differences ; Hepatitis B ; Hormones ; Human Physiology ; Hypotheses ; Immune response ; Immune system ; Immunomodulation ; Males ; Menstruation ; Neurosciences ; Original Article ; Ovaries ; Physiology ; Sex hormones ; Social Sciences ; Testosterone ; Vaccines</subject><ispartof>Adaptive human behavior and physiology, 2022-09, Vol.8 (3), p.344-354</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c200t-8f2a6a8bb21d90d01e494beb8a2948162f150c755b5075b17cdbc8f66873e96a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9815-1442</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2932523529?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21388,21389,21390,21391,23256,27924,27925,33530,33703,33744,34005,34314,41488,42557,43659,43787,43805,43953,44067,51319,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Borráz-León, Javier I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luoto, Severi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krams, Indrikis A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rantala, Markus J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trakimas, Giedrius</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kecko, Sanita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krama, Tatjana</creatorcontrib><title>Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women</title><title>Adaptive human behavior and physiology</title><addtitle>Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology</addtitle><description>Objective
Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women.
Methods
Two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to a group of 55 healthy women. Venous blood samples were collected at three time points: before the first vaccination (time I), one month after the first vaccination (time II), and one month after the second vaccination (time III), to quantify sex hormone levels (i.e., testosterone and estradiol) and the production of antibodies in response to the hepatitis B vaccinations.
Results
Women’s immune response (i.e., the production of hepatitis B antibodies) was negatively associated with testosterone levels one month after the first vaccination and positively associated with estradiol levels one month after the second vaccination. A decrease in testosterone levels between time II and time III was also observed. No differences in estradiol levels over time were found.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate negative associations between testosterone and immune responses in women as previously described for males of several animal species, including humans. There were also positive associations between estradiol and immune responses, highlighting the immunomodulatory role of sex hormones in women. Potential bidirectional effects between immune markers and sex hormones are discussed.</description><subject>17β-Estradiol</subject><subject>Anthropology</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Behavioral Sciences</subject><subject>Biological Psychology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Hepatitis B</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Hypotheses</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immunomodulation</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Menstruation</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Ovaries</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Sex hormones</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Testosterone</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><issn>2198-7335</issn><issn>2198-7335</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kEFLAzEQhYMoWGr_gKcFr41Oks0me5SiVih4qeeQ7M7Klm5SkxbZf290BT15mhl4783MR8g1g1sGoO5SCUoCBc4pAAdGxzMy46zWVAkhz__0l2SR0g4AmFCVVGJG5BbTMaQjxuBxWeQh2rYP-2VhfVv0w3DyWERMh-ATFr0vPsKA_opcdHafcPFT5-T18WG7WtPNy9Pz6n5DGw5wpLrjtrLaOc7aGlpgWNalQ6ctr0vNKt4xCY2S0sn8gWOqaV2ju6rSSmBdWTEnN1PuIYb3Uz7O7MIp-rzS8FpwyYXMdU74pGpiSCliZw6xH2wcDQPzRchMhEwmZL4JmTGbxGRKWezfMP5G_-P6BI1CZ_0</recordid><startdate>20220901</startdate><enddate>20220901</enddate><creator>Borráz-León, Javier I.</creator><creator>Luoto, Severi</creator><creator>Krams, Indrikis A.</creator><creator>Rantala, Markus J.</creator><creator>Trakimas, Giedrius</creator><creator>Kecko, Sanita</creator><creator>Krama, Tatjana</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-1442</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220901</creationdate><title>Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women</title><author>Borráz-León, Javier I. ; Luoto, Severi ; Krams, Indrikis A. ; Rantala, Markus J. ; Trakimas, Giedrius ; Kecko, Sanita ; Krama, Tatjana</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c200t-8f2a6a8bb21d90d01e494beb8a2948162f150c755b5075b17cdbc8f66873e96a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>17β-Estradiol</topic><topic>Anthropology</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Behavioral Sciences</topic><topic>Biological Psychology</topic><topic>Evolutionary Biology</topic><topic>Gender differences</topic><topic>Hepatitis B</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Hypotheses</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immunomodulation</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Menstruation</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Ovaries</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Sex hormones</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Testosterone</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Borráz-León, Javier I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luoto, Severi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krams, Indrikis A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rantala, Markus J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trakimas, Giedrius</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kecko, Sanita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krama, Tatjana</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Adaptive human behavior and physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Borráz-León, Javier I.</au><au>Luoto, Severi</au><au>Krams, Indrikis A.</au><au>Rantala, Markus J.</au><au>Trakimas, Giedrius</au><au>Kecko, Sanita</au><au>Krama, Tatjana</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women</atitle><jtitle>Adaptive human behavior and physiology</jtitle><stitle>Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology</stitle><date>2022-09-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>344</spage><epage>354</epage><pages>344-354</pages><issn>2198-7335</issn><eissn>2198-7335</eissn><abstract>Objective
Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women.
Methods
Two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to a group of 55 healthy women. Venous blood samples were collected at three time points: before the first vaccination (time I), one month after the first vaccination (time II), and one month after the second vaccination (time III), to quantify sex hormone levels (i.e., testosterone and estradiol) and the production of antibodies in response to the hepatitis B vaccinations.
Results
Women’s immune response (i.e., the production of hepatitis B antibodies) was negatively associated with testosterone levels one month after the first vaccination and positively associated with estradiol levels one month after the second vaccination. A decrease in testosterone levels between time II and time III was also observed. No differences in estradiol levels over time were found.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate negative associations between testosterone and immune responses in women as previously described for males of several animal species, including humans. There were also positive associations between estradiol and immune responses, highlighting the immunomodulatory role of sex hormones in women. Potential bidirectional effects between immune markers and sex hormones are discussed.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-1442</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 17β-Estradiol Anthropology Antibodies Antigens Behavioral Sciences Biological Psychology Evolutionary Biology Gender differences Hepatitis B Hormones Human Physiology Hypotheses Immune response Immune system Immunomodulation Males Menstruation Neurosciences Original Article Ovaries Physiology Sex hormones Social Sciences Testosterone Vaccines |
| title | Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women |
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