Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis
Background There is little research on lead (Pb) screening behaviors and outcomes and possible health sequelae of children in Flint, Michigan in the years following the city’s 2014 water crisis, which included widespread tap water contamination with elevated levels of heavy metals and other environm...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2023-02, Vol.10 (1), p.418-426 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext bestellen |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 426 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 418 |
| container_title | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities |
| container_volume | 10 |
| creator | Ezell, Jerel M. Bhardwaj, Sanvi Chase, Elizabeth C. |
| description | Background
There is little research on lead (Pb) screening behaviors and outcomes and possible health sequelae of children in Flint, Michigan in the years following the city’s 2014 water crisis, which included widespread tap water contamination with elevated levels of heavy metals and other environmental contaminants.
Methods
Between June and November 2019, we collected and analyzed cross-sectional data on Flint children’s demographics and self-report of screenings of blood lead levels (BLLs) and results and various potential water contamination-related health symptoms and outcomes. We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize the prevalence of health outcomes and screenings in children, and fit multivariable models using generalized estimating equations to characterize the association between baseline traits and health symptoms and outcomes in children.
Results
A total of 244 children (mean age 8.6 ± 4.8) were included in the analysis. Overall, 76.6% of the children were reported to have been screened for elevated BLLs after the water source switch. In total, after the water source switch, 25.0% of children were reported as having clinician-diagnosed elevated BLLs. Overall, 43.9% of children experienced hyperactivity, 39.3% had emotional agitation, 29.1% had comprehension issues/learning delays, while 38.9% of children had skin rashes and 10.7% experienced hair loss. A child having elevated BLLs also significantly increased the odds of experiencing adverse cognitive/behavioral outcomes (comprehension issues/learning delays OR = 4.0, hyperactivity OR = 6.6, emotional agitation OR = 3.5).
Conclusion
Child BLL screening following the crisis initiation was moderate, and BLLs and potential water contamination-related morbidity outcomes appeared heightened. Further research is needed to contextualize epidemiologic factors contributing to BLL screening patterns and results and the potential water contamination-associated sequelae observed here. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40615-022-01233-6 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_LD.</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2922080115</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2922080115</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-c824d0024b40034c791aabcf25a5bee8c61f3bb647f7008a912355e8441d6a953</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1Lw0AQhhdRrNT-AQ-y4Hl19js5arBWKPRQxeOySTZNSprU3VTx35s2VW-eZmCeeYd5ELqicEsB9F0QoKgkwBgByjgn6gRdMBorEkVcnx56TbiO2QhNQlgD9JiUMVfnaMQlCEolv0DLpKzqHM-dzfEy8841VbPCD660H1XrA7ZNjmfO1l2JF7suazcu4Glb1-3nnutKh6d11XT4zXbO48RXoQqX6KywdXCTYx2j1-njSzIj88XTc3I_JxnXsiNZxEQOwEQqALjIdEytTbOCSStT56JM0YKnqRK60ACRjfs3pXSREDRXNpZ8jG6G3K1v33cudGbd7nzTnzQsZgwi2P84RmygMt-G4F1htr7aWP9lKJi9SjOoNL1Kc1BpVL90fYzepRuX_678iOsBPgChHzUr5_9u_xP7DXkpfKg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2922080115</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis</title><source>Ethnic NewsWatch (Alumni)</source><creator>Ezell, Jerel M. ; Bhardwaj, Sanvi ; Chase, Elizabeth C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Ezell, Jerel M. ; Bhardwaj, Sanvi ; Chase, Elizabeth C.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
There is little research on lead (Pb) screening behaviors and outcomes and possible health sequelae of children in Flint, Michigan in the years following the city’s 2014 water crisis, which included widespread tap water contamination with elevated levels of heavy metals and other environmental contaminants.
Methods
Between June and November 2019, we collected and analyzed cross-sectional data on Flint children’s demographics and self-report of screenings of blood lead levels (BLLs) and results and various potential water contamination-related health symptoms and outcomes. We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize the prevalence of health outcomes and screenings in children, and fit multivariable models using generalized estimating equations to characterize the association between baseline traits and health symptoms and outcomes in children.
Results
A total of 244 children (mean age 8.6 ± 4.8) were included in the analysis. Overall, 76.6% of the children were reported to have been screened for elevated BLLs after the water source switch. In total, after the water source switch, 25.0% of children were reported as having clinician-diagnosed elevated BLLs. Overall, 43.9% of children experienced hyperactivity, 39.3% had emotional agitation, 29.1% had comprehension issues/learning delays, while 38.9% of children had skin rashes and 10.7% experienced hair loss. A child having elevated BLLs also significantly increased the odds of experiencing adverse cognitive/behavioral outcomes (comprehension issues/learning delays OR = 4.0, hyperactivity OR = 6.6, emotional agitation OR = 3.5).
Conclusion
Child BLL screening following the crisis initiation was moderate, and BLLs and potential water contamination-related morbidity outcomes appeared heightened. Further research is needed to contextualize epidemiologic factors contributing to BLL screening patterns and results and the potential water contamination-associated sequelae observed here.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2197-3792</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01233-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35041153</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age ; Agitation ; Behavior ; Blood levels ; Bottled water ; Caregivers ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Children & youth ; Cognitive ability ; Cognitive-behavioral factors ; Complications ; Comprehension ; Contaminants ; Contaminated water ; Contamination ; Crises ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demographics ; Drinking water ; Emotions ; Epidemiology ; Gender ; Hair ; Hair loss ; Health behavior ; Health disparities ; Health status ; Heavy metals ; Humans ; Hyperactivity ; Lead ; Lead content ; Lead poisoning ; Lead Poisoning - diagnosis ; Lead Poisoning - epidemiology ; Learning ; Medical screening ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metals ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Morbidity ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Polls & surveys ; Quality of Life Research ; Screening ; Self report ; Social Inequality ; Social Structure ; Statistical analysis ; Symptoms ; Water ; Water crises ; Water pollution</subject><ispartof>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023-02, Vol.10 (1), p.418-426</ispartof><rights>W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2022. corrected publication 2022</rights><rights>2022. W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.</rights><rights>W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2022. corrected publication 2022.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-c824d0024b40034c791aabcf25a5bee8c61f3bb647f7008a912355e8441d6a953</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-c824d0024b40034c791aabcf25a5bee8c61f3bb647f7008a912355e8441d6a953</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40615-022-01233-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2922080115?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,12740,12819,12846,21388,21389,21391,27924,27925,30999,33530,33744,34005,35805,35810,41488,42557,43659,43805,43953,44329,44330,51319,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2922080115?pq-origsite=primo$$EView_record_in_ProQuest$$FView_record_in_$$GProQuest</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35041153$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ezell, Jerel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhardwaj, Sanvi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase, Elizabeth C.</creatorcontrib><title>Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis</title><title>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</title><addtitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</addtitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><description>Background
There is little research on lead (Pb) screening behaviors and outcomes and possible health sequelae of children in Flint, Michigan in the years following the city’s 2014 water crisis, which included widespread tap water contamination with elevated levels of heavy metals and other environmental contaminants.
Methods
Between June and November 2019, we collected and analyzed cross-sectional data on Flint children’s demographics and self-report of screenings of blood lead levels (BLLs) and results and various potential water contamination-related health symptoms and outcomes. We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize the prevalence of health outcomes and screenings in children, and fit multivariable models using generalized estimating equations to characterize the association between baseline traits and health symptoms and outcomes in children.
Results
A total of 244 children (mean age 8.6 ± 4.8) were included in the analysis. Overall, 76.6% of the children were reported to have been screened for elevated BLLs after the water source switch. In total, after the water source switch, 25.0% of children were reported as having clinician-diagnosed elevated BLLs. Overall, 43.9% of children experienced hyperactivity, 39.3% had emotional agitation, 29.1% had comprehension issues/learning delays, while 38.9% of children had skin rashes and 10.7% experienced hair loss. A child having elevated BLLs also significantly increased the odds of experiencing adverse cognitive/behavioral outcomes (comprehension issues/learning delays OR = 4.0, hyperactivity OR = 6.6, emotional agitation OR = 3.5).
Conclusion
Child BLL screening following the crisis initiation was moderate, and BLLs and potential water contamination-related morbidity outcomes appeared heightened. Further research is needed to contextualize epidemiologic factors contributing to BLL screening patterns and results and the potential water contamination-associated sequelae observed here.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Agitation</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Bottled water</subject><subject>Caregivers</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Cognitive-behavioral factors</subject><subject>Complications</subject><subject>Comprehension</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>Contaminated water</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Crises</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Hair</subject><subject>Hair loss</subject><subject>Health behavior</subject><subject>Health disparities</subject><subject>Health status</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperactivity</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Lead content</subject><subject>Lead poisoning</subject><subject>Lead Poisoning - diagnosis</subject><subject>Lead Poisoning - epidemiology</subject><subject>Learning</subject><subject>Medical screening</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Outcome Assessment, Health Care</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Quality of Life Research</subject><subject>Screening</subject><subject>Self report</subject><subject>Social Inequality</subject><subject>Social Structure</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Symptoms</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water crises</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>LD-</sourceid><sourceid>LD.</sourceid><sourceid>QXPDG</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1Lw0AQhhdRrNT-AQ-y4Hl19js5arBWKPRQxeOySTZNSprU3VTx35s2VW-eZmCeeYd5ELqicEsB9F0QoKgkwBgByjgn6gRdMBorEkVcnx56TbiO2QhNQlgD9JiUMVfnaMQlCEolv0DLpKzqHM-dzfEy8841VbPCD660H1XrA7ZNjmfO1l2JF7suazcu4Glb1-3nnutKh6d11XT4zXbO48RXoQqX6KywdXCTYx2j1-njSzIj88XTc3I_JxnXsiNZxEQOwEQqALjIdEytTbOCSStT56JM0YKnqRK60ACRjfs3pXSREDRXNpZ8jG6G3K1v33cudGbd7nzTnzQsZgwi2P84RmygMt-G4F1htr7aWP9lKJi9SjOoNL1Kc1BpVL90fYzepRuX_678iOsBPgChHzUr5_9u_xP7DXkpfKg</recordid><startdate>20230201</startdate><enddate>20230201</enddate><creator>Ezell, Jerel M.</creator><creator>Bhardwaj, Sanvi</creator><creator>Chase, Elizabeth C.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LD-</scope><scope>LD.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>QXPDG</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20230201</creationdate><title>Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis</title><author>Ezell, Jerel M. ; Bhardwaj, Sanvi ; Chase, Elizabeth C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-c824d0024b40034c791aabcf25a5bee8c61f3bb647f7008a912355e8441d6a953</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Agitation</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Bottled water</topic><topic>Caregivers</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>Cognitive-behavioral factors</topic><topic>Complications</topic><topic>Comprehension</topic><topic>Contaminants</topic><topic>Contaminated water</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Crises</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Emotions</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Hair</topic><topic>Hair loss</topic><topic>Health behavior</topic><topic>Health disparities</topic><topic>Health status</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperactivity</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Lead content</topic><topic>Lead poisoning</topic><topic>Lead Poisoning - diagnosis</topic><topic>Lead Poisoning - epidemiology</topic><topic>Learning</topic><topic>Medical screening</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Morbidity</topic><topic>Outcome Assessment, Health Care</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Quality of Life Research</topic><topic>Screening</topic><topic>Self report</topic><topic>Social Inequality</topic><topic>Social Structure</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Symptoms</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water crises</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ezell, Jerel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhardwaj, Sanvi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase, Elizabeth C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Ethnic NewsWatch</collection><collection>Ethnic NewsWatch (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Diversity Collection</collection><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ezell, Jerel M.</au><au>Bhardwaj, Sanvi</au><au>Chase, Elizabeth C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis</atitle><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle><stitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</stitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><date>2023-02-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>418</spage><epage>426</epage><pages>418-426</pages><issn>2197-3792</issn><eissn>2196-8837</eissn><abstract>Background
There is little research on lead (Pb) screening behaviors and outcomes and possible health sequelae of children in Flint, Michigan in the years following the city’s 2014 water crisis, which included widespread tap water contamination with elevated levels of heavy metals and other environmental contaminants.
Methods
Between June and November 2019, we collected and analyzed cross-sectional data on Flint children’s demographics and self-report of screenings of blood lead levels (BLLs) and results and various potential water contamination-related health symptoms and outcomes. We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize the prevalence of health outcomes and screenings in children, and fit multivariable models using generalized estimating equations to characterize the association between baseline traits and health symptoms and outcomes in children.
Results
A total of 244 children (mean age 8.6 ± 4.8) were included in the analysis. Overall, 76.6% of the children were reported to have been screened for elevated BLLs after the water source switch. In total, after the water source switch, 25.0% of children were reported as having clinician-diagnosed elevated BLLs. Overall, 43.9% of children experienced hyperactivity, 39.3% had emotional agitation, 29.1% had comprehension issues/learning delays, while 38.9% of children had skin rashes and 10.7% experienced hair loss. A child having elevated BLLs also significantly increased the odds of experiencing adverse cognitive/behavioral outcomes (comprehension issues/learning delays OR = 4.0, hyperactivity OR = 6.6, emotional agitation OR = 3.5).
Conclusion
Child BLL screening following the crisis initiation was moderate, and BLLs and potential water contamination-related morbidity outcomes appeared heightened. Further research is needed to contextualize epidemiologic factors contributing to BLL screening patterns and results and the potential water contamination-associated sequelae observed here.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>35041153</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40615-022-01233-6</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| identifier | ISSN: 2197-3792 |
| ispartof | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023-02, Vol.10 (1), p.418-426 |
| issn | 2197-3792 2196-8837 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2922080115 |
| source | Ethnic NewsWatch (Alumni) |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Agitation Behavior Blood levels Bottled water Caregivers Child Child, Preschool Children Children & youth Cognitive ability Cognitive-behavioral factors Complications Comprehension Contaminants Contaminated water Contamination Crises Cross-Sectional Studies Demographics Drinking water Emotions Epidemiology Gender Hair Hair loss Health behavior Health disparities Health status Heavy metals Humans Hyperactivity Lead Lead content Lead poisoning Lead Poisoning - diagnosis Lead Poisoning - epidemiology Learning Medical screening Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metals Minority & ethnic groups Morbidity Outcome Assessment, Health Care Polls & surveys Quality of Life Research Screening Self report Social Inequality Social Structure Statistical analysis Symptoms Water Water crises Water pollution |
| title | Child Lead Screening Behaviors and Health Outcomes Following the Flint Water Crisis |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-05T23%3A52%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_LD.&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Child%20Lead%20Screening%20Behaviors%20and%20Health%20Outcomes%20Following%20the%20Flint%20Water%20Crisis&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20racial%20and%20ethnic%20health%20disparities&rft.au=Ezell,%20Jerel%20M.&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=418&rft.epage=426&rft.pages=418-426&rft.issn=2197-3792&rft.eissn=2196-8837&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s40615-022-01233-6&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_LD.%3E2922080115%3C/proquest_LD.%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2922080115&rft_id=info:pmid/35041153&rfr_iscdi=true |