Potential perspectives on the use of poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite films and its characterization
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. PVA-based nanocomposite (NC) films were fabricated using solution casting technique by adding a low con...
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| creator | Kapila, Karanjit Kirtania, Sushen Devi, Lourembam Monika Saikumar, Akuleti Badwaik, Laxmikant S Rather, Muzamil A |
| description | The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. PVA-based nanocomposite (NC) films were fabricated using solution casting technique by adding a low concentration of GO from 0.1 to 0.7%. The tensile strength of the NC films was increased by the addition of GO from 1.40 ± 0.02 MPa to 1.99 ± 0.02 MPa. However, the elongation at break of the NC film was enhanced from 201.02 ± 5.10 to 268.64 ± 5.83% at 0.1–0.3% concentration of GO, and it was decreased with further addition of GO. A considerable improvement in the water vapor permeability was observed at 0.3–0.5% GO, with a value of 6.76 ± 0.06 × 10
− 5
to 6.69 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa) with respect to neat PVA 8.16 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa). Additionally, the use of GO also led to an enhancement in moisture retention capacity, with values ranging from 80.08 to 82.06%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result revealed a rise in glass transition temperature i.e. 95.62 °C, and maximum enthalpy 50.28 (J/g) at 0.3% GO. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies also showed less mass degradation for Poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide
(
PVA/GO) films at higher temperatures compared to PVA film. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, minimum surface defects, homogenized mixing, and less agglomeration in the PVA/GO film was observed. This observation was further supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, which indicated a strong hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of GO and PVA polymer chains. Furthermore, the NC films exhibited an effective antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive bacteria). Adversely, there was no inhibition zone observed in neat PVA and its NC films against
Escherichia coli
(gram-negative bacteria). The incorporation of GO nanofillers was found to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the NC films, as determined in soil burial study. However, improved microorganism degradation was observed in both
Bacillus subtilis
and
Pseudomonas putida
bacteria strains. Overall, the acquired results validate the use of GO as an excellent option for the fabrication of biodegradable nanocomposite films that may be used for packaging applications. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11694-023-02264-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2921241926</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2921241926</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-71b40be5257f81b1e03a9598779f43910029e87b8498cc3ad2a8c2b9913993ec3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU1rGzEQhpeSQo2TP9CToBf3sI1G0n7oWEw-CoH00J6FVp6NZWRpK2lNnF9ftQ4J5JCDGB2e92WGp6o-A_0GlHaXCaCVoqaMl8daUcOHasFA8loAF2cvf9Z-qi5S2lFKATohWr6o5p8ho89WOzJhTBOabA-YSPAkb5HMCUkYyRTckawO1h8d0c6EbXBfLx-inrboC_BoN0i89sGE_RSSzUhG6_aJaL8hNiditjpqkzHaJ51t8OfVx1G7hBfPc1n9vr76tb6t7-5vfqy_39WGNyzXHQyCDtiwpht7GAAp17KRfdfJUXBZjmcS-27oheyN4XrDdG_YICVwKTkavqxWp94phj8zpqz2Nhl0TnsMc1IcGt6WEioK-uUNugtz9GU7xSQDJkCytlDsRJkYUoo4qinavY5HBVT9k6FOMlSRof7LUFBC_BRKBfYPGF-r30n9BcLujMI</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2921241926</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Potential perspectives on the use of poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite films and its characterization</title><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Kapila, Karanjit ; Kirtania, Sushen ; Devi, Lourembam Monika ; Saikumar, Akuleti ; Badwaik, Laxmikant S ; Rather, Muzamil A</creator><creatorcontrib>Kapila, Karanjit ; Kirtania, Sushen ; Devi, Lourembam Monika ; Saikumar, Akuleti ; Badwaik, Laxmikant S ; Rather, Muzamil A</creatorcontrib><description>The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. PVA-based nanocomposite (NC) films were fabricated using solution casting technique by adding a low concentration of GO from 0.1 to 0.7%. The tensile strength of the NC films was increased by the addition of GO from 1.40 ± 0.02 MPa to 1.99 ± 0.02 MPa. However, the elongation at break of the NC film was enhanced from 201.02 ± 5.10 to 268.64 ± 5.83% at 0.1–0.3% concentration of GO, and it was decreased with further addition of GO. A considerable improvement in the water vapor permeability was observed at 0.3–0.5% GO, with a value of 6.76 ± 0.06 × 10
− 5
to 6.69 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa) with respect to neat PVA 8.16 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa). Additionally, the use of GO also led to an enhancement in moisture retention capacity, with values ranging from 80.08 to 82.06%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result revealed a rise in glass transition temperature i.e. 95.62 °C, and maximum enthalpy 50.28 (J/g) at 0.3% GO. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies also showed less mass degradation for Poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide
(
PVA/GO) films at higher temperatures compared to PVA film. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, minimum surface defects, homogenized mixing, and less agglomeration in the PVA/GO film was observed. This observation was further supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, which indicated a strong hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of GO and PVA polymer chains. Furthermore, the NC films exhibited an effective antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive bacteria). Adversely, there was no inhibition zone observed in neat PVA and its NC films against
Escherichia coli
(gram-negative bacteria). The incorporation of GO nanofillers was found to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the NC films, as determined in soil burial study. However, improved microorganism degradation was observed in both
Bacillus subtilis
and
Pseudomonas putida
bacteria strains. Overall, the acquired results validate the use of GO as an excellent option for the fabrication of biodegradable nanocomposite films that may be used for packaging applications.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2193-4126</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2193-4134</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-02264-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Agglomerated defects ; Antibacterial activity ; antibacterial properties ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacteria ; biodegradability ; Biodegradation ; Bonding strength ; Calorimetry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Chemistry/Food Science ; Coliforms ; Differential scanning calorimetry ; E coli ; Electron microscopes ; Elongation ; Engineering ; Enthalpy ; Escherichia coli ; Fabrication ; Food Science ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Fourier transforms ; Functional groups ; Glass transition temperature ; Gram-negative bacteria ; Gram-positive bacteria ; Graphene ; graphene oxide ; High temperature ; hydrogen ; Hydrogen bonding ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Micrography ; Nanocomposites ; Nanoparticles ; Original Paper ; Permeability ; Photomicrographs ; Polymers ; Polyvinyl alcohol ; Pseudomonas putida ; Retention capacity ; Scanning electron microscopy ; soil ; Soil permeability ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Surface defects ; Tensile strength ; Thermogravimetric analysis ; thermogravimetry ; Transition temperatures ; Water vapor</subject><ispartof>Journal of food measurement & characterization, 2024-02, Vol.18 (2), p.1012-1025</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-71b40be5257f81b1e03a9598779f43910029e87b8498cc3ad2a8c2b9913993ec3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-71b40be5257f81b1e03a9598779f43910029e87b8498cc3ad2a8c2b9913993ec3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6709-3462 ; 0000-0001-9089-5968 ; 0000-0001-8103-6328 ; 0000-0003-4926-5117 ; 0000-0002-4642-7531 ; 0000-0002-9315-8581</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11694-023-02264-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11694-023-02264-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904,41467,42536,51298</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kapila, Karanjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirtania, Sushen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Devi, Lourembam Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikumar, Akuleti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badwaik, Laxmikant S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rather, Muzamil A</creatorcontrib><title>Potential perspectives on the use of poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite films and its characterization</title><title>Journal of food measurement & characterization</title><addtitle>Food Measure</addtitle><description>The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. PVA-based nanocomposite (NC) films were fabricated using solution casting technique by adding a low concentration of GO from 0.1 to 0.7%. The tensile strength of the NC films was increased by the addition of GO from 1.40 ± 0.02 MPa to 1.99 ± 0.02 MPa. However, the elongation at break of the NC film was enhanced from 201.02 ± 5.10 to 268.64 ± 5.83% at 0.1–0.3% concentration of GO, and it was decreased with further addition of GO. A considerable improvement in the water vapor permeability was observed at 0.3–0.5% GO, with a value of 6.76 ± 0.06 × 10
− 5
to 6.69 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa) with respect to neat PVA 8.16 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa). Additionally, the use of GO also led to an enhancement in moisture retention capacity, with values ranging from 80.08 to 82.06%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result revealed a rise in glass transition temperature i.e. 95.62 °C, and maximum enthalpy 50.28 (J/g) at 0.3% GO. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies also showed less mass degradation for Poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide
(
PVA/GO) films at higher temperatures compared to PVA film. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, minimum surface defects, homogenized mixing, and less agglomeration in the PVA/GO film was observed. This observation was further supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, which indicated a strong hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of GO and PVA polymer chains. Furthermore, the NC films exhibited an effective antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive bacteria). Adversely, there was no inhibition zone observed in neat PVA and its NC films against
Escherichia coli
(gram-negative bacteria). The incorporation of GO nanofillers was found to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the NC films, as determined in soil burial study. However, improved microorganism degradation was observed in both
Bacillus subtilis
and
Pseudomonas putida
bacteria strains. Overall, the acquired results validate the use of GO as an excellent option for the fabrication of biodegradable nanocomposite films that may be used for packaging applications.</description><subject>Agglomerated defects</subject><subject>Antibacterial activity</subject><subject>antibacterial properties</subject><subject>Bacillus subtilis</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>biodegradability</subject><subject>Biodegradation</subject><subject>Bonding strength</subject><subject>Calorimetry</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Chemistry/Food Science</subject><subject>Coliforms</subject><subject>Differential scanning calorimetry</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Electron microscopes</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Enthalpy</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Fabrication</subject><subject>Food Science</subject><subject>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Functional groups</subject><subject>Glass transition temperature</subject><subject>Gram-negative bacteria</subject><subject>Gram-positive bacteria</subject><subject>Graphene</subject><subject>graphene oxide</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>hydrogen</subject><subject>Hydrogen bonding</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Micrography</subject><subject>Nanocomposites</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Permeability</subject><subject>Photomicrographs</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Polyvinyl alcohol</subject><subject>Pseudomonas putida</subject><subject>Retention capacity</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>soil</subject><subject>Soil permeability</subject><subject>Staphylococcus aureus</subject><subject>Surface defects</subject><subject>Tensile strength</subject><subject>Thermogravimetric analysis</subject><subject>thermogravimetry</subject><subject>Transition temperatures</subject><subject>Water vapor</subject><issn>2193-4126</issn><issn>2193-4134</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1rGzEQhpeSQo2TP9CToBf3sI1G0n7oWEw-CoH00J6FVp6NZWRpK2lNnF9ftQ4J5JCDGB2e92WGp6o-A_0GlHaXCaCVoqaMl8daUcOHasFA8loAF2cvf9Z-qi5S2lFKATohWr6o5p8ho89WOzJhTBOabA-YSPAkb5HMCUkYyRTckawO1h8d0c6EbXBfLx-inrboC_BoN0i89sGE_RSSzUhG6_aJaL8hNiditjpqkzHaJ51t8OfVx1G7hBfPc1n9vr76tb6t7-5vfqy_39WGNyzXHQyCDtiwpht7GAAp17KRfdfJUXBZjmcS-27oheyN4XrDdG_YICVwKTkavqxWp94phj8zpqz2Nhl0TnsMc1IcGt6WEioK-uUNugtz9GU7xSQDJkCytlDsRJkYUoo4qinavY5HBVT9k6FOMlSRof7LUFBC_BRKBfYPGF-r30n9BcLujMI</recordid><startdate>20240201</startdate><enddate>20240201</enddate><creator>Kapila, Karanjit</creator><creator>Kirtania, Sushen</creator><creator>Devi, Lourembam Monika</creator><creator>Saikumar, Akuleti</creator><creator>Badwaik, Laxmikant S</creator><creator>Rather, Muzamil A</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer Nature 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perspectives on the use of poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite films and its characterization</title><author>Kapila, Karanjit ; Kirtania, Sushen ; Devi, Lourembam Monika ; Saikumar, Akuleti ; Badwaik, Laxmikant S ; Rather, Muzamil A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-71b40be5257f81b1e03a9598779f43910029e87b8498cc3ad2a8c2b9913993ec3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Agglomerated defects</topic><topic>Antibacterial activity</topic><topic>antibacterial properties</topic><topic>Bacillus subtilis</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>biodegradability</topic><topic>Biodegradation</topic><topic>Bonding strength</topic><topic>Calorimetry</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Chemistry/Food Science</topic><topic>Coliforms</topic><topic>Differential scanning calorimetry</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Electron microscopes</topic><topic>Elongation</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Enthalpy</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Fabrication</topic><topic>Food Science</topic><topic>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Functional groups</topic><topic>Glass transition temperature</topic><topic>Gram-negative bacteria</topic><topic>Gram-positive bacteria</topic><topic>Graphene</topic><topic>graphene oxide</topic><topic>High temperature</topic><topic>hydrogen</topic><topic>Hydrogen bonding</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Micrography</topic><topic>Nanocomposites</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Permeability</topic><topic>Photomicrographs</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Polyvinyl alcohol</topic><topic>Pseudomonas putida</topic><topic>Retention capacity</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>soil</topic><topic>Soil permeability</topic><topic>Staphylococcus aureus</topic><topic>Surface defects</topic><topic>Tensile strength</topic><topic>Thermogravimetric analysis</topic><topic>thermogravimetry</topic><topic>Transition temperatures</topic><topic>Water vapor</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kapila, Karanjit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirtania, Sushen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Devi, Lourembam Monika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikumar, Akuleti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badwaik, Laxmikant S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rather, Muzamil A</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 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Measure</stitle><date>2024-02-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>1012</spage><epage>1025</epage><pages>1012-1025</pages><issn>2193-4126</issn><eissn>2193-4134</eissn><abstract>The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. PVA-based nanocomposite (NC) films were fabricated using solution casting technique by adding a low concentration of GO from 0.1 to 0.7%. The tensile strength of the NC films was increased by the addition of GO from 1.40 ± 0.02 MPa to 1.99 ± 0.02 MPa. However, the elongation at break of the NC film was enhanced from 201.02 ± 5.10 to 268.64 ± 5.83% at 0.1–0.3% concentration of GO, and it was decreased with further addition of GO. A considerable improvement in the water vapor permeability was observed at 0.3–0.5% GO, with a value of 6.76 ± 0.06 × 10
− 5
to 6.69 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa) with respect to neat PVA 8.16 ± 0.08 × 10
− 5
(g/m.hr. Pa). Additionally, the use of GO also led to an enhancement in moisture retention capacity, with values ranging from 80.08 to 82.06%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result revealed a rise in glass transition temperature i.e. 95.62 °C, and maximum enthalpy 50.28 (J/g) at 0.3% GO. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies also showed less mass degradation for Poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide
(
PVA/GO) films at higher temperatures compared to PVA film. From scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs, minimum surface defects, homogenized mixing, and less agglomeration in the PVA/GO film was observed. This observation was further supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data, which indicated a strong hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of GO and PVA polymer chains. Furthermore, the NC films exhibited an effective antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive bacteria). Adversely, there was no inhibition zone observed in neat PVA and its NC films against
Escherichia coli
(gram-negative bacteria). The incorporation of GO nanofillers was found to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the NC films, as determined in soil burial study. However, improved microorganism degradation was observed in both
Bacillus subtilis
and
Pseudomonas putida
bacteria strains. Overall, the acquired results validate the use of GO as an excellent option for the fabrication of biodegradable nanocomposite films that may be used for packaging applications.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><doi>10.1007/s11694-023-02264-1</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6709-3462</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-5968</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8103-6328</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4926-5117</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-7531</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-8581</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2193-4126 |
| ispartof | Journal of food measurement & characterization, 2024-02, Vol.18 (2), p.1012-1025 |
| issn | 2193-4126 2193-4134 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2921241926 |
| source | SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Agglomerated defects Antibacterial activity antibacterial properties Bacillus subtilis Bacteria biodegradability Biodegradation Bonding strength Calorimetry Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chemistry/Food Science Coliforms Differential scanning calorimetry E coli Electron microscopes Elongation Engineering Enthalpy Escherichia coli Fabrication Food Science Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transforms Functional groups Glass transition temperature Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Graphene graphene oxide High temperature hydrogen Hydrogen bonding Infrared spectroscopy Micrography Nanocomposites Nanoparticles Original Paper Permeability Photomicrographs Polymers Polyvinyl alcohol Pseudomonas putida Retention capacity Scanning electron microscopy soil Soil permeability Staphylococcus aureus Surface defects Tensile strength Thermogravimetric analysis thermogravimetry Transition temperatures Water vapor |
| title | Potential perspectives on the use of poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposite films and its characterization |
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