Tap Water Lead Levels in Madrid (Spain): Degree of Compliance and Health Risk Assessment
Lead is one of few substances known to have a direct impact on health through the drinking water supply. Significant amounts of lead can be infiltrated in tap water as a result of leaching in distribution and plumbing system. This research was conducted to characterize Pb in tap water in the 21 dist...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Exposure and health 2021-06, Vol.13 (2), p.207-218 |
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| creator | Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción Jiménez Navarro, Pilar Peinador Asensio, Javier Villanueva Suárez, Mª José Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores |
| description | Lead is one of few substances known to have a direct impact on health through the drinking water supply. Significant amounts of lead can be infiltrated in tap water as a result of leaching in distribution and plumbing system. This research was conducted to characterize Pb in tap water in the 21 districts of Madrid city over a long period of 12 years (2007–2018) and to assess the children health risks generated by the exposure to lead in the water supply. A total of 2308 first-flush water samples were collected from various types of buildings and analyzed for Pb using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sampling was carried out considering different factors: year, district and type of building. Tap water in most samples (96%) complied with the legislation throughout the study period. More cases of non-compliance were observed in 2014 because the impact of stricter regulations entry in force in December 2013 (10 μg/L). It was also significantly higher in the oldest districts located in the central area of Madrid and in households compared to other types of buildings (
p
1 and average loss of Intelligent quotient (IQ loss) |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12403-020-00374-5 |
| format | Article |
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p
< 0.001). The children health risks were assessed using the monitoring data collected from households. The end points of critical effects considered are within the normal range: margin of exposure (MOE) > 1 and average loss of Intelligent quotient (IQ loss) < 1 in 89.9% of the samples, however, the possibility of an adverse effect for infants and young children could not be excluded for a small percentage of samples exceeding 5 µg/L or 10 µg/L respectively corresponding to old households in the central area. The results point to the need of control of water supply including strategies such as the prioritization of inspections in the buildings of that area and the replacement of old pipes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2451-9766</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2451-9685</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12403-020-00374-5</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Absorption spectroscopy ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atomic absorption spectroscopy ; Buildings ; Children ; Compliance ; Corrosion ; Drinking water ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental Health ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Heavy metals ; Households ; Leaching ; Lead content ; Legislation ; Neurotoxicity ; Original Paper ; Pollution ; Public health ; Risk assessment ; Spectral analysis ; Trace elements ; Waste Water Technology ; Water analysis ; Water and Health ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Water sampling ; Water supply</subject><ispartof>Exposure and health, 2021-06, Vol.13 (2), p.207-218</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020</rights><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-296e69557bee9bf20b1e56d9a05d4abfb4096f5b3ab43388979cd98bafad19743</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-296e69557bee9bf20b1e56d9a05d4abfb4096f5b3ab43388979cd98bafad19743</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12403-020-00374-5$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2920660953?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,21367,27901,27902,33721,41464,42533,43781,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiménez Navarro, Pilar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peinador Asensio, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Villanueva Suárez, Mª José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores</creatorcontrib><title>Tap Water Lead Levels in Madrid (Spain): Degree of Compliance and Health Risk Assessment</title><title>Exposure and health</title><addtitle>Expo Health</addtitle><description>Lead is one of few substances known to have a direct impact on health through the drinking water supply. Significant amounts of lead can be infiltrated in tap water as a result of leaching in distribution and plumbing system. This research was conducted to characterize Pb in tap water in the 21 districts of Madrid city over a long period of 12 years (2007–2018) and to assess the children health risks generated by the exposure to lead in the water supply. A total of 2308 first-flush water samples were collected from various types of buildings and analyzed for Pb using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sampling was carried out considering different factors: year, district and type of building. Tap water in most samples (96%) complied with the legislation throughout the study period. More cases of non-compliance were observed in 2014 because the impact of stricter regulations entry in force in December 2013 (10 μg/L). It was also significantly higher in the oldest districts located in the central area of Madrid and in households compared to other types of buildings (
p
< 0.001). The children health risks were assessed using the monitoring data collected from households. The end points of critical effects considered are within the normal range: margin of exposure (MOE) > 1 and average loss of Intelligent quotient (IQ loss) < 1 in 89.9% of the samples, however, the possibility of an adverse effect for infants and young children could not be excluded for a small percentage of samples exceeding 5 µg/L or 10 µg/L respectively corresponding to old households in the central area. The results point to the need of control of water supply including strategies such as the prioritization of inspections in the buildings of that area and the replacement of old pipes.</description><subject>Absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atomic absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>Buildings</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Compliance</subject><subject>Corrosion</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Leaching</subject><subject>Lead content</subject><subject>Legislation</subject><subject>Neurotoxicity</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Spectral analysis</subject><subject>Trace elements</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water and Health</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water Quality/Water Pollution</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><issn>2451-9766</issn><issn>2451-9685</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kD1PwzAQhi0EElXpH2CyxAJD4BzHTsxWlY8iFSFBEWyWHV9KSpoEO0Xi3xMIiI3l7ob3eU96CDlkcMoA0rPA4gR4BDFEADxNIrFDRnEiWKRkJnZ_71TKfTIJYQ0ATArWUyPyvDQtfTIderpA4_rxjlWgZU1vjfOlo8cPrSnrk3N6gSuPSJuCzppNW5WmzpGa2tE5mqp7ofdleKXTEDCEDdbdAdkrTBVw8rPH5PHqcjmbR4u765vZdBHlnKkuipVEqYRILaKyRQyWoZBOGRAuMbawCShZCMuNTTjPMpWq3KnMmsI4ptKEj8nR0Nv65m2LodPrZuvr_qWOVQxSghK8T8VDKvdNCB4L3fpyY_yHZqC_JOpBou4l6m-JWvQQH6DQh-sV-r_qf6hP6n9yqg</recordid><startdate>20210601</startdate><enddate>20210601</enddate><creator>Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción</creator><creator>Jiménez Navarro, Pilar</creator><creator>Peinador Asensio, Javier</creator><creator>Villanueva Suárez, Mª José</creator><creator>Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210601</creationdate><title>Tap Water Lead Levels in Madrid (Spain): Degree of Compliance and Health Risk Assessment</title><author>Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción ; Jiménez Navarro, Pilar ; Peinador Asensio, Javier ; Villanueva Suárez, Mª José ; Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-296e69557bee9bf20b1e56d9a05d4abfb4096f5b3ab43388979cd98bafad19743</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Absorption spectroscopy</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atomic absorption spectroscopy</topic><topic>Buildings</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Compliance</topic><topic>Corrosion</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Households</topic><topic>Leaching</topic><topic>Lead content</topic><topic>Legislation</topic><topic>Neurotoxicity</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Spectral analysis</topic><topic>Trace elements</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water and Health</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><topic>Water Quality/Water Pollution</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>Water supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiménez Navarro, Pilar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peinador Asensio, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Villanueva Suárez, Mª José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><jtitle>Exposure and health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Almonacid Garrido, Mª Concepción</au><au>Jiménez Navarro, Pilar</au><au>Peinador Asensio, Javier</au><au>Villanueva Suárez, Mª José</au><au>Tenorio Sanz, Mª Dolores</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Tap Water Lead Levels in Madrid (Spain): Degree of Compliance and Health Risk Assessment</atitle><jtitle>Exposure and health</jtitle><stitle>Expo Health</stitle><date>2021-06-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>207</spage><epage>218</epage><pages>207-218</pages><issn>2451-9766</issn><eissn>2451-9685</eissn><abstract>Lead is one of few substances known to have a direct impact on health through the drinking water supply. Significant amounts of lead can be infiltrated in tap water as a result of leaching in distribution and plumbing system. This research was conducted to characterize Pb in tap water in the 21 districts of Madrid city over a long period of 12 years (2007–2018) and to assess the children health risks generated by the exposure to lead in the water supply. A total of 2308 first-flush water samples were collected from various types of buildings and analyzed for Pb using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sampling was carried out considering different factors: year, district and type of building. Tap water in most samples (96%) complied with the legislation throughout the study period. More cases of non-compliance were observed in 2014 because the impact of stricter regulations entry in force in December 2013 (10 μg/L). It was also significantly higher in the oldest districts located in the central area of Madrid and in households compared to other types of buildings (
p
< 0.001). The children health risks were assessed using the monitoring data collected from households. The end points of critical effects considered are within the normal range: margin of exposure (MOE) > 1 and average loss of Intelligent quotient (IQ loss) < 1 in 89.9% of the samples, however, the possibility of an adverse effect for infants and young children could not be excluded for a small percentage of samples exceeding 5 µg/L or 10 µg/L respectively corresponding to old households in the central area. The results point to the need of control of water supply including strategies such as the prioritization of inspections in the buildings of that area and the replacement of old pipes.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><doi>10.1007/s12403-020-00374-5</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Absorption spectroscopy Aquatic Pollution Atomic absorption spectroscopy Buildings Children Compliance Corrosion Drinking water Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Health risk assessment Health risks Heavy metals Households Leaching Lead content Legislation Neurotoxicity Original Paper Pollution Public health Risk assessment Spectral analysis Trace elements Waste Water Technology Water analysis Water and Health Water Management Water Pollution Control Water Quality/Water Pollution Water sampling Water supply |
| title | Tap Water Lead Levels in Madrid (Spain): Degree of Compliance and Health Risk Assessment |
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