Water Contamination and Human Health Risks in Pakistan: A Review
Water contamination is one of the most significant hazards to human health on the world scale. Drinking water quality in Pakistan is decreasing gradually due to alarming population growth, rapid industrialization, climate change and lack of efficient water quality management. In Pakistan, the majori...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Exposure and health 2023-09, Vol.15 (3), p.619-639 |
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| creator | Fida, Misbah Li, Peiyue Wang, Yuanhang Alam, S. M. Khorshed Nsabimana, Abel |
| description | Water contamination is one of the most significant hazards to human health on the world scale. Drinking water quality in Pakistan is decreasing gradually due to alarming population growth, rapid industrialization, climate change and lack of efficient water quality management. In Pakistan, the majority of the population doesn’t have access to safe and healthy drinking water sources, and people are forced to use unsafe drinking water. This review compiled data from multiple studies published in international and national journals from 2010 to 2022 and reports issued by the governments and non-governmental institutions to highlight Pakistan’s drinking water quality status, and to emphasize major water pollutants, sources of contaminants, and significant health problems. The results revealed that bacteriological contamination such as coliforms (total coliform, fecal coliform,
Escherichia coli
), toxic elements like arsenic (As), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chloride (Cl
−
), fluoride (F
−
), mercury (Hg) and pesticides were found in both surface water and groundwater, and were the major causes of waterborne diseases. The majority of sampled water had bacteriological, physicochemical and toxic metals concentrations exceeding the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and WHO drinking water quality standards. There is an immediate need to adopt water management strategies and protective measures to overcome the shortages and unhygienic conditions of the drinking water supply in Pakistan. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12403-022-00512-1 |
| format | Article |
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Escherichia coli
), toxic elements like arsenic (As), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chloride (Cl
−
), fluoride (F
−
), mercury (Hg) and pesticides were found in both surface water and groundwater, and were the major causes of waterborne diseases. The majority of sampled water had bacteriological, physicochemical and toxic metals concentrations exceeding the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and WHO drinking water quality standards. There is an immediate need to adopt water management strategies and protective measures to overcome the shortages and unhygienic conditions of the drinking water supply in Pakistan.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2451-9766</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2451-9685</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12403-022-00512-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Arsenic ; Climate change ; Coliforms ; Contaminants ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; E coli ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental Health ; Fecal coliforms ; Floods ; Groundwater ; Health hazards ; Health problems ; Health risks ; Heavy metals ; Iron ; Mercury ; Metal concentrations ; Nickel ; Pesticides ; Pollution ; Pollution sources ; Population growth ; Quality management ; Quality standards ; Rain ; Review Paper ; Rivers ; Surface water ; Surface-groundwater relations ; Waste Water Technology ; Water analysis ; Water and Health ; Water Management ; Water pollution ; Water Pollution Control ; Water quality ; Water quality management ; Water quality standards ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Water sampling ; Water supply ; Waterborne diseases ; Wind</subject><ispartof>Exposure and health, 2023-09, Vol.15 (3), p.619-639</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-3c383cc20c981e34a7f61bf88decac100696e3bd70c9b42948b6bf6fd23ba7b43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-3c383cc20c981e34a7f61bf88decac100696e3bd70c9b42948b6bf6fd23ba7b43</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8771-3369 ; 0000-0001-6389-939X ; 0000-0002-7336-7888 ; 0000-0001-9328-6447 ; 0000-0003-1575-5927</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12403-022-00512-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2919535444?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21388,21389,27924,27925,33530,33744,41488,42557,43659,43805,51319,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fida, Misbah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Peiyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yuanhang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alam, S. M. Khorshed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nsabimana, Abel</creatorcontrib><title>Water Contamination and Human Health Risks in Pakistan: A Review</title><title>Exposure and health</title><addtitle>Expo Health</addtitle><description>Water contamination is one of the most significant hazards to human health on the world scale. Drinking water quality in Pakistan is decreasing gradually due to alarming population growth, rapid industrialization, climate change and lack of efficient water quality management. In Pakistan, the majority of the population doesn’t have access to safe and healthy drinking water sources, and people are forced to use unsafe drinking water. This review compiled data from multiple studies published in international and national journals from 2010 to 2022 and reports issued by the governments and non-governmental institutions to highlight Pakistan’s drinking water quality status, and to emphasize major water pollutants, sources of contaminants, and significant health problems. The results revealed that bacteriological contamination such as coliforms (total coliform, fecal coliform,
Escherichia coli
), toxic elements like arsenic (As), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chloride (Cl
−
), fluoride (F
−
), mercury (Hg) and pesticides were found in both surface water and groundwater, and were the major causes of waterborne diseases. The majority of sampled water had bacteriological, physicochemical and toxic metals concentrations exceeding the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and WHO drinking water quality standards. There is an immediate need to adopt water management strategies and protective measures to overcome the shortages and unhygienic conditions of the drinking water supply in Pakistan.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Arsenic</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Coliforms</subject><subject>Contaminants</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Fecal coliforms</subject><subject>Floods</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Health hazards</subject><subject>Health problems</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Metal concentrations</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Pollution sources</subject><subject>Population growth</subject><subject>Quality management</subject><subject>Quality standards</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Review Paper</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Surface-groundwater relations</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water and Health</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water quality management</subject><subject>Water quality standards</subject><subject>Water Quality/Water Pollution</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><subject>Waterborne diseases</subject><subject>Wind</subject><issn>2451-9766</issn><issn>2451-9685</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1LAzEURYMoWGr_gKuA62i-JjNxZSnqCAWlKC5Dksno9CNTk1Tx35s6ijtX7y3OuY93ATgl-JxgXF5EQjlmCFOKMC4IReQAjCgvCJKiKg5_91KIYzCJcYkxJqIg2RqBq2edXICz3ie96bxOXe-h9g2sdxvtYe30Or3CRRdXEXYePuhVF5P2l3AKF-69cx8n4KjV6-gmP3MMnm6uH2c1mt_f3s2mc2QZkQkxyypmLcVWVsQxrstWENNWVeOstvkNIYVjpikzYDiVvDLCtKJtKDO6NJyNwdmQuw39287FpJb9Lvh8UlFJZMEKzvcUHSgb-hiDa9U2dBsdPhXBal-WGspSuSz1XZYiWWKDFDPsX1z4i_7H-gLVYWrY</recordid><startdate>20230901</startdate><enddate>20230901</enddate><creator>Fida, Misbah</creator><creator>Li, Peiyue</creator><creator>Wang, Yuanhang</creator><creator>Alam, S. 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Escherichia coli
), toxic elements like arsenic (As), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chloride (Cl
−
), fluoride (F
−
), mercury (Hg) and pesticides were found in both surface water and groundwater, and were the major causes of waterborne diseases. The majority of sampled water had bacteriological, physicochemical and toxic metals concentrations exceeding the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and WHO drinking water quality standards. There is an immediate need to adopt water management strategies and protective measures to overcome the shortages and unhygienic conditions of the drinking water supply in Pakistan.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><doi>10.1007/s12403-022-00512-1</doi><tpages>21</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-3369</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-939X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-7888</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-6447</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-5927</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Arsenic Climate change Coliforms Contaminants Contamination Drinking water E coli Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Fecal coliforms Floods Groundwater Health hazards Health problems Health risks Heavy metals Iron Mercury Metal concentrations Nickel Pesticides Pollution Pollution sources Population growth Quality management Quality standards Rain Review Paper Rivers Surface water Surface-groundwater relations Waste Water Technology Water analysis Water and Health Water Management Water pollution Water Pollution Control Water quality Water quality management Water quality standards Water Quality/Water Pollution Water sampling Water supply Waterborne diseases Wind |
| title | Water Contamination and Human Health Risks in Pakistan: A Review |
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