Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan
We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detect...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres 2024-01, Vol.129 (2), p.n/a |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | n/a |
---|---|
container_issue | 2 |
container_start_page | |
container_title | Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres |
container_volume | 129 |
creator | Ortberg, John Smith, David M. Kamogawa, Masashi Dwyer, Joseph Bowers, Gregory Chaffin, Jeffrey Lapierre, Jeff Wang, Daohong Wu, Ting Suzuki, Tomoyuki |
description | We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detector site. Not only was that lateral distance remarkable on its own for a ground based detection, but the low‐altitude profile of winter thunderstorms in Japan would suggest the detections occurred at unprecedented nadir angles—73.3° off axis for the 2020 event with the standard assumption of a vertically oriented TGF. Unsurprisingly, Monte Carlo simulations of the straightforward interpretation of these events yield fluences 2 orders of magnitude lower than observed data. We investigate a variety of ways to attempt to resolve the contradiction between expected and observed behavior.
Plain Language Summary
We observed two terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes at a distance and angle from which we should have seen nothing given our current understanding of how bright and wide these events can be. We investigate what must have been different about these events to make them visible to our detectors.
Key Points
We detected two downward TGFs in Uchinada, Japan, approximately 5 km away laterally from the associated lightning flash's ground strike point
Estimates of the altitude of the tops of the associated leader channels from radio, optical, and climate data suggest we were, remarkably, up to 73.3° off of the vertical axes of the TGFs
Monte Carlo simulations show our observations were 1–2 orders of magnitude brighter than what would be expected from a standard TGF at that geometry |
doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023JD039020 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2919359870</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2919359870</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2643-d4ae7d6c899fbe1b9294ad99e9ed7036e170af1235ebde6bae7e5d51518f11f83</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1OwzAQhS0EElXpjgNYYtuAf_LnJWppoKpAglSws5x4AikhLnZC1R1H4IycBKMixIpZzMzim_dGD6FjSk4pYeKMEcbnU8IFYWQPDRiNRZAKEe__7snDIRo5tyK-UsLDKByg-3xj8EJ1YFXTbPG0dp1qO5xnM4dn1rzga3hUXf0GeNKYXn--f-TGt8yavtX4rrPmGRyuW7wsn-pWaTXGc7VW7RE6qFTjYPQzh2g5u8gnl8HiJruanC-CksUhD3SoINFx6R-tCqCFYCJUWggQoBPCY6AJURVlPIJCQ1x4GiId0YimFaVVyofoZKe7tua1B9fJlelt6y0lE1TwSKReZ4jGO6q0xjkLlVzb-kXZraREfqcn_6bncb7DN3UD239ZOc9up5HwR_wLQ9txdA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2919359870</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Ortberg, John ; Smith, David M. ; Kamogawa, Masashi ; Dwyer, Joseph ; Bowers, Gregory ; Chaffin, Jeffrey ; Lapierre, Jeff ; Wang, Daohong ; Wu, Ting ; Suzuki, Tomoyuki</creator><creatorcontrib>Ortberg, John ; Smith, David M. ; Kamogawa, Masashi ; Dwyer, Joseph ; Bowers, Gregory ; Chaffin, Jeffrey ; Lapierre, Jeff ; Wang, Daohong ; Wu, Ting ; Suzuki, Tomoyuki</creatorcontrib><description>We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detector site. Not only was that lateral distance remarkable on its own for a ground based detection, but the low‐altitude profile of winter thunderstorms in Japan would suggest the detections occurred at unprecedented nadir angles—73.3° off axis for the 2020 event with the standard assumption of a vertically oriented TGF. Unsurprisingly, Monte Carlo simulations of the straightforward interpretation of these events yield fluences 2 orders of magnitude lower than observed data. We investigate a variety of ways to attempt to resolve the contradiction between expected and observed behavior.
Plain Language Summary
We observed two terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes at a distance and angle from which we should have seen nothing given our current understanding of how bright and wide these events can be. We investigate what must have been different about these events to make them visible to our detectors.
Key Points
We detected two downward TGFs in Uchinada, Japan, approximately 5 km away laterally from the associated lightning flash's ground strike point
Estimates of the altitude of the tops of the associated leader channels from radio, optical, and climate data suggest we were, remarkably, up to 73.3° off of the vertical axes of the TGFs
Monte Carlo simulations show our observations were 1–2 orders of magnitude brighter than what would be expected from a standard TGF at that geometry</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-897X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-8996</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023JD039020</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Detectors ; Distance ; Lightning ; Lightning strokes ; Monte Carlo simulation ; TGF ; Thunderstorms ; Winter thunderstorms</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres, 2024-01, Vol.129 (2), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2024. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2643-d4ae7d6c899fbe1b9294ad99e9ed7036e170af1235ebde6bae7e5d51518f11f83</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2002-4611 ; 0000-0002-7176-9808 ; 0000-0002-6072-249X ; 0000-0002-9524-2234 ; 0000-0002-0312-3212 ; 0000-0002-0542-5759 ; 0000-0002-5489-0454 ; 0000-0002-3932-2803</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023JD039020$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023JD039020$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ortberg, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, David M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kamogawa, Masashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dwyer, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bowers, Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaffin, Jeffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lapierre, Jeff</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Daohong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suzuki, Tomoyuki</creatorcontrib><title>Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres</title><description>We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detector site. Not only was that lateral distance remarkable on its own for a ground based detection, but the low‐altitude profile of winter thunderstorms in Japan would suggest the detections occurred at unprecedented nadir angles—73.3° off axis for the 2020 event with the standard assumption of a vertically oriented TGF. Unsurprisingly, Monte Carlo simulations of the straightforward interpretation of these events yield fluences 2 orders of magnitude lower than observed data. We investigate a variety of ways to attempt to resolve the contradiction between expected and observed behavior.
Plain Language Summary
We observed two terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes at a distance and angle from which we should have seen nothing given our current understanding of how bright and wide these events can be. We investigate what must have been different about these events to make them visible to our detectors.
Key Points
We detected two downward TGFs in Uchinada, Japan, approximately 5 km away laterally from the associated lightning flash's ground strike point
Estimates of the altitude of the tops of the associated leader channels from radio, optical, and climate data suggest we were, remarkably, up to 73.3° off of the vertical axes of the TGFs
Monte Carlo simulations show our observations were 1–2 orders of magnitude brighter than what would be expected from a standard TGF at that geometry</description><subject>Detectors</subject><subject>Distance</subject><subject>Lightning</subject><subject>Lightning strokes</subject><subject>Monte Carlo simulation</subject><subject>TGF</subject><subject>Thunderstorms</subject><subject>Winter thunderstorms</subject><issn>2169-897X</issn><issn>2169-8996</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kE1OwzAQhS0EElXpjgNYYtuAf_LnJWppoKpAglSws5x4AikhLnZC1R1H4IycBKMixIpZzMzim_dGD6FjSk4pYeKMEcbnU8IFYWQPDRiNRZAKEe__7snDIRo5tyK-UsLDKByg-3xj8EJ1YFXTbPG0dp1qO5xnM4dn1rzga3hUXf0GeNKYXn--f-TGt8yavtX4rrPmGRyuW7wsn-pWaTXGc7VW7RE6qFTjYPQzh2g5u8gnl8HiJruanC-CksUhD3SoINFx6R-tCqCFYCJUWggQoBPCY6AJURVlPIJCQ1x4GiId0YimFaVVyofoZKe7tua1B9fJlelt6y0lE1TwSKReZ4jGO6q0xjkLlVzb-kXZraREfqcn_6bncb7DN3UD239ZOc9up5HwR_wLQ9txdA</recordid><startdate>20240128</startdate><enddate>20240128</enddate><creator>Ortberg, John</creator><creator>Smith, David M.</creator><creator>Kamogawa, Masashi</creator><creator>Dwyer, Joseph</creator><creator>Bowers, Gregory</creator><creator>Chaffin, Jeffrey</creator><creator>Lapierre, Jeff</creator><creator>Wang, Daohong</creator><creator>Wu, Ting</creator><creator>Suzuki, Tomoyuki</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-4611</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-9808</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-249X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-2234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0312-3212</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-5759</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-0454</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-2803</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240128</creationdate><title>Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan</title><author>Ortberg, John ; Smith, David M. ; Kamogawa, Masashi ; Dwyer, Joseph ; Bowers, Gregory ; Chaffin, Jeffrey ; Lapierre, Jeff ; Wang, Daohong ; Wu, Ting ; Suzuki, Tomoyuki</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2643-d4ae7d6c899fbe1b9294ad99e9ed7036e170af1235ebde6bae7e5d51518f11f83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Detectors</topic><topic>Distance</topic><topic>Lightning</topic><topic>Lightning strokes</topic><topic>Monte Carlo simulation</topic><topic>TGF</topic><topic>Thunderstorms</topic><topic>Winter thunderstorms</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ortberg, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, David M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kamogawa, Masashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dwyer, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bowers, Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaffin, Jeffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lapierre, Jeff</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Daohong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suzuki, Tomoyuki</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ortberg, John</au><au>Smith, David M.</au><au>Kamogawa, Masashi</au><au>Dwyer, Joseph</au><au>Bowers, Gregory</au><au>Chaffin, Jeffrey</au><au>Lapierre, Jeff</au><au>Wang, Daohong</au><au>Wu, Ting</au><au>Suzuki, Tomoyuki</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres</jtitle><date>2024-01-28</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>129</volume><issue>2</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-897X</issn><eissn>2169-8996</eissn><abstract>We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detector site. Not only was that lateral distance remarkable on its own for a ground based detection, but the low‐altitude profile of winter thunderstorms in Japan would suggest the detections occurred at unprecedented nadir angles—73.3° off axis for the 2020 event with the standard assumption of a vertically oriented TGF. Unsurprisingly, Monte Carlo simulations of the straightforward interpretation of these events yield fluences 2 orders of magnitude lower than observed data. We investigate a variety of ways to attempt to resolve the contradiction between expected and observed behavior.
Plain Language Summary
We observed two terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes at a distance and angle from which we should have seen nothing given our current understanding of how bright and wide these events can be. We investigate what must have been different about these events to make them visible to our detectors.
Key Points
We detected two downward TGFs in Uchinada, Japan, approximately 5 km away laterally from the associated lightning flash's ground strike point
Estimates of the altitude of the tops of the associated leader channels from radio, optical, and climate data suggest we were, remarkably, up to 73.3° off of the vertical axes of the TGFs
Monte Carlo simulations show our observations were 1–2 orders of magnitude brighter than what would be expected from a standard TGF at that geometry</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023JD039020</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-4611</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-9808</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-249X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-2234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0312-3212</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-5759</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-0454</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3932-2803</orcidid></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 2169-897X |
ispartof | Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres, 2024-01, Vol.129 (2), p.n/a |
issn | 2169-897X 2169-8996 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2919359870 |
source | Wiley-Blackwell Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
subjects | Detectors Distance Lightning Lightning strokes Monte Carlo simulation TGF Thunderstorms Winter thunderstorms |
title | Two Laterally Distant TGFs From Negative Cloud‐To‐Ground Strokes in Uchinada, Japan |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T09%3A31%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two%20Laterally%20Distant%20TGFs%20From%20Negative%20Cloud%E2%80%90To%E2%80%90Ground%20Strokes%20in%20Uchinada,%20Japan&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20geophysical%20research.%20Atmospheres&rft.au=Ortberg,%20John&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.epage=n/a&rft.issn=2169-897X&rft.eissn=2169-8996&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029/2023JD039020&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2919359870%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2919359870&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |