Generation mechanism and temporal–spatial evolution of electron excitation induced by an ultrashort pulse laser in zirconia ceramic

Femtosecond lasers have been applied in the machining of zirconia ( ZrO 2 ) ceramics because of their ultrashort pulse duration and high peak power. However, the high-precision micromachining of zirconia remains challenging owing to an unclear understanding of the ultrafast laser–material interactio...

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