Thawing and Softening of Frozen Sandstone by Microwave Irradiation
The strength and hardness of rock are much higher at freezing temperatures than at room temperature. This results in high excavation costs and low excavation efficiency in frozen rock layers. This study proposes a novel way to thaw porous and water-bearing rock by microwave irradiation. It is applic...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2024, Vol.57 (1), p.79-95 |
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| creator | Han, Li Jia, Hailiang Dong, Yuanhong Wei, Yao Tan, Xianjun |
| description | The strength and hardness of rock are much higher at freezing temperatures than at room temperature. This results in high excavation costs and low excavation efficiency in frozen rock layers. This study proposes a novel way to thaw porous and water-bearing rock by microwave irradiation. It is applicable to a wide range of strata and is not dependent on whether the rock contains wave-absorbing minerals. Quartz sandstone specimens free from absorbing minerals and of different saturation levels were used in an investigation of thawing and softening behaviors under microwave irradiation. The rock pore structures were observed before and after irradiation. The results show that (1) frozen quartz sandstone irradiated by microwaves undergoes three stages: (i) rapid melting of pore ice, (ii) intense vaporization of meltwater, and (iii) drying. (2) Microwave irradiation significantly reduces the strength of frozen quartz sandstone. (3) The mechanisms are
vaporization expansion
, which causes the propagation of intergranular cracks, and
thermal expansion
, which induces trans-granular cracking. (4) Softening of 40–100%-saturated frozen quartz sandstone is caused by both vapor and thermal expansion, while 0–40%-saturated sandstone is mainly affected by thermal expansion. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for microwave-assisted breakage of frozen porous and water-bearing rock.
Highlights
Microwave irradiation is a promising auxiliary method in excavation of frozen rock.
Microwave irradiation heating melts frozen sandstone completely within only 40 s.
Unfrozen water in frozen sandstone is the fundamental cause of the rapid melting.
Softening effect on frozen sandstone is enhanced by increasing saturation degree. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00603-023-03559-x |
| format | Article |
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vaporization expansion
, which causes the propagation of intergranular cracks, and
thermal expansion
, which induces trans-granular cracking. (4) Softening of 40–100%-saturated frozen quartz sandstone is caused by both vapor and thermal expansion, while 0–40%-saturated sandstone is mainly affected by thermal expansion. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for microwave-assisted breakage of frozen porous and water-bearing rock.
Highlights
Microwave irradiation is a promising auxiliary method in excavation of frozen rock.
Microwave irradiation heating melts frozen sandstone completely within only 40 s.
Unfrozen water in frozen sandstone is the fundamental cause of the rapid melting.
Softening effect on frozen sandstone is enhanced by increasing saturation degree.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0723-2632</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1434-453X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00603-023-03559-x</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Vienna: Springer Vienna</publisher><subject>Civil Engineering ; Dredging ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Excavation ; Freezing ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Ground ice ; Irradiation ; Melting ; Meltwater ; Microwave radiation ; Microwaves ; Minerals ; Original Paper ; Pallets ; Quartz ; Rocks ; Room temperature ; Sandstone ; Saturation ; Sedimentary rocks ; Softening ; Thawing ; Thermal expansion ; Vaporization ; Water hardness</subject><ispartof>Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 2024, Vol.57 (1), p.79-95</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-d30266607b275f567517a192fd35c178dd46767cff04c5e279358f4c8552a65a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8253-234X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00603-023-03559-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00603-023-03559-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Han, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Hailiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dong, Yuanhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Yao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tan, Xianjun</creatorcontrib><title>Thawing and Softening of Frozen Sandstone by Microwave Irradiation</title><title>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</title><addtitle>Rock Mech Rock Eng</addtitle><description>The strength and hardness of rock are much higher at freezing temperatures than at room temperature. This results in high excavation costs and low excavation efficiency in frozen rock layers. This study proposes a novel way to thaw porous and water-bearing rock by microwave irradiation. It is applicable to a wide range of strata and is not dependent on whether the rock contains wave-absorbing minerals. Quartz sandstone specimens free from absorbing minerals and of different saturation levels were used in an investigation of thawing and softening behaviors under microwave irradiation. The rock pore structures were observed before and after irradiation. The results show that (1) frozen quartz sandstone irradiated by microwaves undergoes three stages: (i) rapid melting of pore ice, (ii) intense vaporization of meltwater, and (iii) drying. (2) Microwave irradiation significantly reduces the strength of frozen quartz sandstone. (3) The mechanisms are
vaporization expansion
, which causes the propagation of intergranular cracks, and
thermal expansion
, which induces trans-granular cracking. (4) Softening of 40–100%-saturated frozen quartz sandstone is caused by both vapor and thermal expansion, while 0–40%-saturated sandstone is mainly affected by thermal expansion. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for microwave-assisted breakage of frozen porous and water-bearing rock.
Highlights
Microwave irradiation is a promising auxiliary method in excavation of frozen rock.
Microwave irradiation heating melts frozen sandstone completely within only 40 s.
Unfrozen water in frozen sandstone is the fundamental cause of the rapid melting.
Softening effect on frozen sandstone is enhanced by increasing saturation degree.</description><subject>Civil Engineering</subject><subject>Dredging</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Excavation</subject><subject>Freezing</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Ground ice</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Melting</subject><subject>Meltwater</subject><subject>Microwave radiation</subject><subject>Microwaves</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Pallets</subject><subject>Quartz</subject><subject>Rocks</subject><subject>Room temperature</subject><subject>Sandstone</subject><subject>Saturation</subject><subject>Sedimentary rocks</subject><subject>Softening</subject><subject>Thawing</subject><subject>Thermal expansion</subject><subject>Vaporization</subject><subject>Water hardness</subject><issn>0723-2632</issn><issn>1434-453X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1LAzEQhoMoWKt_wFPA8-rke_eoxY9CxUMreAvpblK3aFKTrW399aau4M3DMAzv-84MD0LnBC4JgLpKABJYATQXE6IqtgdoQDjjBRfs5RANQGWJSkaP0UlKS4AsqnKAbmavZtP6BTa-wdPgOuv3U3D4LoYv6_E0C6kL3uL5Dj-2dQwb82nxOEbTtKZrgz9FR868JXv224fo-e52NnooJk_349H1pKipgq5oGFApJag5VcIJqQRRhlTUNUzURJVNw6WSqnYOeC0sVRUTpeN1KQQ1Uhg2RBf93lUMH2ubOr0M6-jzSU2rTIFDRVR20d6VP00pWqdXsX03cacJ6D0r3bPSmZX-YaW3OcT6UMpmv7Dxb_U_qW9YW2tR</recordid><startdate>2024</startdate><enddate>2024</enddate><creator>Han, Li</creator><creator>Jia, Hailiang</creator><creator>Dong, Yuanhong</creator><creator>Wei, Yao</creator><creator>Tan, Xianjun</creator><general>Springer Vienna</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-234X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2024</creationdate><title>Thawing and Softening of Frozen Sandstone by Microwave Irradiation</title><author>Han, Li ; Jia, Hailiang ; Dong, Yuanhong ; Wei, Yao ; Tan, Xianjun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-d30266607b275f567517a192fd35c178dd46767cff04c5e279358f4c8552a65a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Civil Engineering</topic><topic>Dredging</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Excavation</topic><topic>Freezing</topic><topic>Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic>Ground ice</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>Melting</topic><topic>Meltwater</topic><topic>Microwave radiation</topic><topic>Microwaves</topic><topic>Minerals</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Pallets</topic><topic>Quartz</topic><topic>Rocks</topic><topic>Room temperature</topic><topic>Sandstone</topic><topic>Saturation</topic><topic>Sedimentary rocks</topic><topic>Softening</topic><topic>Thawing</topic><topic>Thermal expansion</topic><topic>Vaporization</topic><topic>Water hardness</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Han, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jia, Hailiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dong, Yuanhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Yao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tan, Xianjun</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Han, Li</au><au>Jia, Hailiang</au><au>Dong, Yuanhong</au><au>Wei, Yao</au><au>Tan, Xianjun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Thawing and Softening of Frozen Sandstone by Microwave Irradiation</atitle><jtitle>Rock mechanics and rock engineering</jtitle><stitle>Rock Mech Rock Eng</stitle><date>2024</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>57</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>79</spage><epage>95</epage><pages>79-95</pages><issn>0723-2632</issn><eissn>1434-453X</eissn><abstract>The strength and hardness of rock are much higher at freezing temperatures than at room temperature. This results in high excavation costs and low excavation efficiency in frozen rock layers. This study proposes a novel way to thaw porous and water-bearing rock by microwave irradiation. It is applicable to a wide range of strata and is not dependent on whether the rock contains wave-absorbing minerals. Quartz sandstone specimens free from absorbing minerals and of different saturation levels were used in an investigation of thawing and softening behaviors under microwave irradiation. The rock pore structures were observed before and after irradiation. The results show that (1) frozen quartz sandstone irradiated by microwaves undergoes three stages: (i) rapid melting of pore ice, (ii) intense vaporization of meltwater, and (iii) drying. (2) Microwave irradiation significantly reduces the strength of frozen quartz sandstone. (3) The mechanisms are
vaporization expansion
, which causes the propagation of intergranular cracks, and
thermal expansion
, which induces trans-granular cracking. (4) Softening of 40–100%-saturated frozen quartz sandstone is caused by both vapor and thermal expansion, while 0–40%-saturated sandstone is mainly affected by thermal expansion. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for microwave-assisted breakage of frozen porous and water-bearing rock.
Highlights
Microwave irradiation is a promising auxiliary method in excavation of frozen rock.
Microwave irradiation heating melts frozen sandstone completely within only 40 s.
Unfrozen water in frozen sandstone is the fundamental cause of the rapid melting.
Softening effect on frozen sandstone is enhanced by increasing saturation degree.</abstract><cop>Vienna</cop><pub>Springer Vienna</pub><doi>10.1007/s00603-023-03559-x</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-234X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 2024, Vol.57 (1), p.79-95 |
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| source | SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Civil Engineering Dredging Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Excavation Freezing Geophysics/Geodesy Ground ice Irradiation Melting Meltwater Microwave radiation Microwaves Minerals Original Paper Pallets Quartz Rocks Room temperature Sandstone Saturation Sedimentary rocks Softening Thawing Thermal expansion Vaporization Water hardness |
| title | Thawing and Softening of Frozen Sandstone by Microwave Irradiation |
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