Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment
Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovativ...
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creator | Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo Valdés-Santiago, Laura Hernández-Bustos, Diana A Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha Hernández-Rayas, Angélica Perez-Vega, Samuel Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo |
description | Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% (v/v)), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% (v/v)) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant (k) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products. |
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These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% (v/v)), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% (v/v)) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant (k) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su152416616</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Amino acids ; Carotenoids ; Energy consumption ; Environmental impact ; Ethanol ; Global warming ; Mass spectrometry ; Organic chemicals ; Pharmaceutical industry ; Polyphenols ; Ratios ; Reproducibility ; Solvents ; Temperature ; Vegetable industry ; Vegetables</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2023-12, Vol.15 (24), p.16616</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c287t-46c118bcc9de74397465d473b9a7533722b7fba165c56c90cb3c2c4751795dbc3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5992-0379</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valdés-Santiago, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Bustos, Diana A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Rayas, Angélica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perez-Vega, Samuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo</creatorcontrib><title>Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% (v/v)), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% (v/v)) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant (k) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products.</description><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Carotenoids</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Ethanol</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Organic chemicals</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical industry</subject><subject>Polyphenols</subject><subject>Ratios</subject><subject>Reproducibility</subject><subject>Solvents</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Vegetable industry</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNptksFq3DAQhk1poCHJqS8g6KWh7FayZGvV23qTtoENgaY5C3ksb5Xa0lZjL9kn6-tFbgrJQqSDxMz3_8MMk2XvGZ1zruhnHFmRC1aWrHyTHedUshmjBX374v8uO0O8p-lwzhQrj7O_VQwAoXNkbc3OIvlYRYPowJDQ2WjAGrIzcU7cYLoUPScGiSG3YYxgSWhJ5YKBwe0sWYV-G0bfpLxvyOqX7RPfkWp0XeP8hlRdgN_4hdxsB9enxOXDECdp8OQOJ-Bi703SkOtUNZp_iclp7dpkvofOkiWiReytH06zo9Z0aM_-vyfZ3dfLn6vvs_XNt6vVcj2DfCGHmSiBsUUNoBorBVdSlEUjJK-VkQXnMs9r2daGlQUUJSgKNYcchCyYVEVTAz_JPjz5bmP4M1oc9H1q3aeSOldUKF4smHymNqaz2vk2TK31DkEvpVRciDT8RM1fodJtplEFb1uX4geC8wNBYgb7MGzMiKivbn8csp-eWIgBMdpWb2Mac9xrRvW0H_rFfvBHeOmr1g</recordid><startdate>20231201</startdate><enddate>20231201</enddate><creator>Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely</creator><creator>de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo</creator><creator>Valdés-Santiago, Laura</creator><creator>Hernández-Bustos, Diana A</creator><creator>Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha</creator><creator>Hernández-Rayas, Angélica</creator><creator>Perez-Vega, Samuel</creator><creator>Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-0379</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231201</creationdate><title>Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment</title><author>Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely ; de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo ; Valdés-Santiago, Laura ; Hernández-Bustos, Diana A ; Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha ; Hernández-Rayas, Angélica ; Perez-Vega, Samuel ; Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c287t-46c118bcc9de74397465d473b9a7533722b7fba165c56c90cb3c2c4751795dbc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Carotenoids</topic><topic>Energy consumption</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Ethanol</topic><topic>Global warming</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Organic chemicals</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical industry</topic><topic>Polyphenols</topic><topic>Ratios</topic><topic>Reproducibility</topic><topic>Solvents</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Vegetable industry</topic><topic>Vegetables</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valdés-Santiago, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Bustos, Diana A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernández-Rayas, Angélica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perez-Vega, Samuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Manríquez-Zúñiga, Aranza Nallely</au><au>de la Torre, Argelia Rosillo</au><au>Valdés-Santiago, Laura</au><au>Hernández-Bustos, Diana A</au><au>Cuéllar-Sojo, Samantha</au><au>Hernández-Rayas, Angélica</au><au>Perez-Vega, Samuel</au><au>Molina-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2023-12-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>24</issue><spage>16616</spage><pages>16616-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% (v/v)), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% (v/v)) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant (k) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su152416616</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-0379</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Amino acids Carotenoids Energy consumption Environmental impact Ethanol Global warming Mass spectrometry Organic chemicals Pharmaceutical industry Polyphenols Ratios Reproducibility Solvents Temperature Vegetable industry Vegetables |
title | Broccoli Leaves (Brassica oleracea var. italica) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment |
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