Novel Method for Assessing the Protection Lifetime of Building Coatings against Fungi
The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for evaluating the service life of building coatings. In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) me...
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description | The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for evaluating the service life of building coatings. In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) measurement, and spectrophotometric assessment of colour changes). Laboratory tests were carried out for 19 types of facade coating (mineral and silicone with/without primer, silicone paint, biocides) and 7 fungal strains (moulds Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium citrinum, and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). The number of fungi on the facade coatings after 28 days of incubation was 1.7 × 105–4.6 × 105 CFUs (colony-forming units)/sample. The ATP content was 12 RLUs–30333 RLUs (relative light units). Colour change was ΔE > 5 depending on the coating type and fungal strain. A high or very high correlation was found between the ATP concentration (RLUs), colour change (ΔE), and the results of the culture method (CFUs/sample). In Stage 2, a new methodology for evaluating the protection lifetime of building coatings against fungi was developed, taking into account environmental conditions (impact of ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, presence of organic matter on the surface, quantitative and qualitative composition of bioaerosol). The developed method consists of one research cycle conducted in the laboratory, corresponding to one year under natural conditions. Preliminary verification showed the model to be compatible with long-term observations (3 years) of fungal growth on the facade coatings under real environmental conditions. The novel method could be used to design biodeterioration control and protection strategies for both new and cultural heritage buildings. |
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In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) measurement, and spectrophotometric assessment of colour changes). Laboratory tests were carried out for 19 types of facade coating (mineral and silicone with/without primer, silicone paint, biocides) and 7 fungal strains (moulds Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium citrinum, and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). The number of fungi on the facade coatings after 28 days of incubation was 1.7 × 105–4.6 × 105 CFUs (colony-forming units)/sample. The ATP content was 12 RLUs–30333 RLUs (relative light units). Colour change was ΔE > 5 depending on the coating type and fungal strain. A high or very high correlation was found between the ATP concentration (RLUs), colour change (ΔE), and the results of the culture method (CFUs/sample). In Stage 2, a new methodology for evaluating the protection lifetime of building coatings against fungi was developed, taking into account environmental conditions (impact of ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, presence of organic matter on the surface, quantitative and qualitative composition of bioaerosol). The developed method consists of one research cycle conducted in the laboratory, corresponding to one year under natural conditions. Preliminary verification showed the model to be compatible with long-term observations (3 years) of fungal growth on the facade coatings under real environmental conditions. The novel method could be used to design biodeterioration control and protection strategies for both new and cultural heritage buildings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/coatings13122026</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adenosine ; Adenosine triphosphate ; Bioaerosols ; Biocides ; Biodegradation ; Building materials ; Coatings ; Color ; Construction materials ; Cultural property, Protection of ; Cultural resources ; Culture ; Facades ; Fungi ; Historical buildings ; Laboratory tests ; Methods ; Microorganisms ; Mold ; Organic matter ; Precipitation ; Primers (coatings) ; Protection and preservation ; Radiation ; Service life assessment ; Spectrophotometry ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Yeast ; Zinc oxides</subject><ispartof>Coatings (Basel), 2023-12, Vol.13 (12), p.2026</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) measurement, and spectrophotometric assessment of colour changes). Laboratory tests were carried out for 19 types of facade coating (mineral and silicone with/without primer, silicone paint, biocides) and 7 fungal strains (moulds Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium citrinum, and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). The number of fungi on the facade coatings after 28 days of incubation was 1.7 × 105–4.6 × 105 CFUs (colony-forming units)/sample. The ATP content was 12 RLUs–30333 RLUs (relative light units). Colour change was ΔE > 5 depending on the coating type and fungal strain. A high or very high correlation was found between the ATP concentration (RLUs), colour change (ΔE), and the results of the culture method (CFUs/sample). In Stage 2, a new methodology for evaluating the protection lifetime of building coatings against fungi was developed, taking into account environmental conditions (impact of ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, presence of organic matter on the surface, quantitative and qualitative composition of bioaerosol). The developed method consists of one research cycle conducted in the laboratory, corresponding to one year under natural conditions. Preliminary verification showed the model to be compatible with long-term observations (3 years) of fungal growth on the facade coatings under real environmental conditions. The novel method could be used to design biodeterioration control and protection strategies for both new and cultural heritage buildings.</description><subject>Adenosine</subject><subject>Adenosine triphosphate</subject><subject>Bioaerosols</subject><subject>Biocides</subject><subject>Biodegradation</subject><subject>Building materials</subject><subject>Coatings</subject><subject>Color</subject><subject>Construction materials</subject><subject>Cultural property, Protection of</subject><subject>Cultural resources</subject><subject>Culture</subject><subject>Facades</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Historical buildings</subject><subject>Laboratory tests</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Mold</subject><subject>Organic matter</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Primers (coatings)</subject><subject>Protection and preservation</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Service life assessment</subject><subject>Spectrophotometry</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Yeast</subject><subject>Zinc oxides</subject><issn>2079-6412</issn><issn>2079-6412</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkM1LAzEQxYMoWGrvHgOet-ZjN9kca7Eq1I-DPS_pZrJNaTc1yQr-96a0B3HmMMPwe-_BIHRLyZRzRe5br5Pru0g5ZYwwcYFGjEhViJKyyz_7NZrEuCW5FOU1VSO0evPfsMOvkDbeYOsDnsUIMWY3nDaAP4JP0Cbne7x0FpLbA_YWPwxuZ47M_JyMdaddHxNeDH3nbtCV1bsIk_Mco9Xi8XP-XCzfn17ms2XR8oqlYr22tJZU1UwLqHRlq1JyUfPaUGZ4CWspQUtFWllZZgBKqYwiQrdWMWmE4mN0d_I9BP81QEzN1g-hz5ENU6QUpFS1yNT0RHV6B43rrU9Bt7kN7F3re7Au32dSyowzJbOAnARt8DEGsM0huL0OPw0lzfHhzf-H818y2nS5</recordid><startdate>20231201</startdate><enddate>20231201</enddate><creator>Szulc, Justyna</creator><creator>Komar, Michał</creator><creator>Kata, Iwona</creator><creator>Szafran, Krzysztof</creator><creator>Gutarowska, Beata</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-2001</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2376</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231201</creationdate><title>Novel Method for Assessing the Protection Lifetime of Building Coatings against Fungi</title><author>Szulc, Justyna ; Komar, Michał ; Kata, Iwona ; Szafran, Krzysztof ; Gutarowska, Beata</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c352t-bbf1871982a6e5a5f54736838d12d34eb77ea790c75f2dee479d906acf927d693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adenosine</topic><topic>Adenosine triphosphate</topic><topic>Bioaerosols</topic><topic>Biocides</topic><topic>Biodegradation</topic><topic>Building materials</topic><topic>Coatings</topic><topic>Color</topic><topic>Construction materials</topic><topic>Cultural property, Protection of</topic><topic>Cultural resources</topic><topic>Culture</topic><topic>Facades</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Historical buildings</topic><topic>Laboratory tests</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Mold</topic><topic>Organic matter</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Primers (coatings)</topic><topic>Protection and preservation</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Service life assessment</topic><topic>Spectrophotometry</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>Yeast</topic><topic>Zinc oxides</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Szulc, Justyna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Komar, Michał</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kata, Iwona</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Szafran, Krzysztof</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gutarowska, Beata</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Coatings (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Szulc, Justyna</au><au>Komar, Michał</au><au>Kata, Iwona</au><au>Szafran, Krzysztof</au><au>Gutarowska, Beata</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Novel Method for Assessing the Protection Lifetime of Building Coatings against Fungi</atitle><jtitle>Coatings (Basel)</jtitle><date>2023-12-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>2026</spage><pages>2026-</pages><issn>2079-6412</issn><eissn>2079-6412</eissn><abstract>The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for evaluating the service life of building coatings. In Stage 1, we assessed existing methods for determining the degree of fungal overgrowth on building materials (visual assessment, culture method, luminometric ATP (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) measurement, and spectrophotometric assessment of colour changes). Laboratory tests were carried out for 19 types of facade coating (mineral and silicone with/without primer, silicone paint, biocides) and 7 fungal strains (moulds Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium sp., Penicillium citrinum, and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). The number of fungi on the facade coatings after 28 days of incubation was 1.7 × 105–4.6 × 105 CFUs (colony-forming units)/sample. The ATP content was 12 RLUs–30333 RLUs (relative light units). Colour change was ΔE > 5 depending on the coating type and fungal strain. A high or very high correlation was found between the ATP concentration (RLUs), colour change (ΔE), and the results of the culture method (CFUs/sample). In Stage 2, a new methodology for evaluating the protection lifetime of building coatings against fungi was developed, taking into account environmental conditions (impact of ultraviolet radiation, precipitation, presence of organic matter on the surface, quantitative and qualitative composition of bioaerosol). The developed method consists of one research cycle conducted in the laboratory, corresponding to one year under natural conditions. Preliminary verification showed the model to be compatible with long-term observations (3 years) of fungal growth on the facade coatings under real environmental conditions. The novel method could be used to design biodeterioration control and protection strategies for both new and cultural heritage buildings.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/coatings13122026</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9523-2001</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2376</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adenosine Adenosine triphosphate Bioaerosols Biocides Biodegradation Building materials Coatings Color Construction materials Cultural property, Protection of Cultural resources Culture Facades Fungi Historical buildings Laboratory tests Methods Microorganisms Mold Organic matter Precipitation Primers (coatings) Protection and preservation Radiation Service life assessment Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet radiation Yeast Zinc oxides |
title | Novel Method for Assessing the Protection Lifetime of Building Coatings against Fungi |
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