Sediment Compaction in Experimental Deltas: Toward a Meso‐Scale Understanding of Coastal Subsidence Patterns
We present the first investigation of subsidence due to sediment compaction and consolidation in two laboratory‐scale river delta experiments. Spatial and temporal trends in subsidence rates in the experimental setting may elucidate behavior which cannot be directly observed at sufficiently long tim...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface 2023-11, Vol.128 (11), p.n/a |
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| creator | Zapp, Samuel M. Sanks, Kelly M. Silvestre, Jose Shaw, John B. Dutt, Ripul Straub, Kyle M. |
| description | We present the first investigation of subsidence due to sediment compaction and consolidation in two laboratory‐scale river delta experiments. Spatial and temporal trends in subsidence rates in the experimental setting may elucidate behavior which cannot be directly observed at sufficiently long timescales, except for in reduced scale models such as the ones studied. We compare subsidence between a control experiment using steady boundary conditions, and an otherwise identical experiment which has been treated with a proxy for highly compressible marsh deposits. Both experiments have non‐negligible compactional subsidence rates across the delta‐top, comparable in magnitude to our boundary condition relative sea level rise rate of 250 μm/hr. Subsidence in the control experiment (on average 54 μm/hr) is concentrated in the lowest elevation ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023JF007238 |
| format | Article |
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Plain Language Summary
Coastal and deltaic wetlands sit very near sea level. They accumulate a compressible mixture of organic material and mud which is deposited by tides and/or overbank flooding from rivers. As a result, these wetland environments can rapidly build elevation to keep pace with a significant amount of relative sea level rise. Over time, more sediment is delivered on top of the initially porous surface layers and they become compacted as they are buried, contributing to a downward movement of the land surface known as subsidence. Subsidence is a hazard that threatens infrastructure and worsens coastal flooding. Here we examine the spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence in a small (about 2 m2) physical delta experiment which includes a compressible proxy for wetland sediments. We find that subsidence is significantly higher where these wetland sediments have recently been deposited and driven by their compaction in the very shallow subsurface.
Key Points
The addition of a proxy for marsh sedimentation increases subsidence due to sediment compaction in two laboratory delta experiments
Subsidence is spatio‐temporally variable and dominantly shallow in the experiment with a marsh proxy
Subsidence rates, even across large areas, are highly variable on short timescales</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9003</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9011</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023JF007238</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Boundary conditions ; Coastal flooding ; Coastal plains ; Compaction ; Compressibility ; Deltas ; Drowning ; ecogeomorphology ; Elevation ; Experiments ; Flooding ; Floods ; Fluvial deposits ; Groundwater table ; Marshes ; Rivers ; Scale models ; Sea level ; Sea level changes ; Sea level rise ; Sediment ; sedimentology ; Sediments ; Subsidence ; Surface boundary layer ; Surface layers ; Water table ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface, 2023-11, Vol.128 (11), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3456-116e2fba9134f7caa5adcc964a9f9ac634c156a5bc36b8b3de4f196eab3acfc23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3456-116e2fba9134f7caa5adcc964a9f9ac634c156a5bc36b8b3de4f196eab3acfc23</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7747-893X ; 0000-0001-6573-9680 ; 0000-0003-0581-0857 ; 0000-0002-4731-6200 ; 0000-0002-5966-2370</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023JF007238$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023JF007238$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,11493,27901,27902,45550,45551,46443,46867</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zapp, Samuel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanks, Kelly M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silvestre, Jose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, John B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dutt, Ripul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Straub, Kyle M.</creatorcontrib><title>Sediment Compaction in Experimental Deltas: Toward a Meso‐Scale Understanding of Coastal Subsidence Patterns</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</title><description>We present the first investigation of subsidence due to sediment compaction and consolidation in two laboratory‐scale river delta experiments. Spatial and temporal trends in subsidence rates in the experimental setting may elucidate behavior which cannot be directly observed at sufficiently long timescales, except for in reduced scale models such as the ones studied. We compare subsidence between a control experiment using steady boundary conditions, and an otherwise identical experiment which has been treated with a proxy for highly compressible marsh deposits. Both experiments have non‐negligible compactional subsidence rates across the delta‐top, comparable in magnitude to our boundary condition relative sea level rise rate of 250 μm/hr. Subsidence in the control experiment (on average 54 μm/hr) is concentrated in the lowest elevation (<10 mm above sea level) areas near the coast and is likely related to creep induced by a rising water table near the shoreface. The treatment experiment exhibits larger (on average 126 μm/hr) and more spatially variable subsidence rates controlled mostly by compaction of recent marsh deposits within one channel depth (∼10 mm) of the sediment surface. These rates compare favorably with field and modeling based subsidence measurements both in relative magnitude and location. We find that subsidence “hot spots” may be relatively ephemeral on longer timescales, but average subsidence across the entire delta can be variable even at our shortest measurement window. This suggests that subsidence rates over a short time frame may exceed thresholds for marsh platform drowning, even if the long term trend does not.
Plain Language Summary
Coastal and deltaic wetlands sit very near sea level. They accumulate a compressible mixture of organic material and mud which is deposited by tides and/or overbank flooding from rivers. As a result, these wetland environments can rapidly build elevation to keep pace with a significant amount of relative sea level rise. Over time, more sediment is delivered on top of the initially porous surface layers and they become compacted as they are buried, contributing to a downward movement of the land surface known as subsidence. Subsidence is a hazard that threatens infrastructure and worsens coastal flooding. Here we examine the spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence in a small (about 2 m2) physical delta experiment which includes a compressible proxy for wetland sediments. We find that subsidence is significantly higher where these wetland sediments have recently been deposited and driven by their compaction in the very shallow subsurface.
Key Points
The addition of a proxy for marsh sedimentation increases subsidence due to sediment compaction in two laboratory delta experiments
Subsidence is spatio‐temporally variable and dominantly shallow in the experiment with a marsh proxy
Subsidence rates, even across large areas, are highly variable on short timescales</description><subject>Boundary conditions</subject><subject>Coastal flooding</subject><subject>Coastal plains</subject><subject>Compaction</subject><subject>Compressibility</subject><subject>Deltas</subject><subject>Drowning</subject><subject>ecogeomorphology</subject><subject>Elevation</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Flooding</subject><subject>Floods</subject><subject>Fluvial deposits</subject><subject>Groundwater table</subject><subject>Marshes</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Scale models</subject><subject>Sea level</subject><subject>Sea level changes</subject><subject>Sea level rise</subject><subject>Sediment</subject><subject>sedimentology</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Subsidence</subject><subject>Surface boundary layer</subject><subject>Surface layers</subject><subject>Water table</subject><subject>Wetlands</subject><issn>2169-9003</issn><issn>2169-9011</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM9OwzAMxisEEtPgxgNE4kohf9qs4YbGNpiGQGw7V27qoE5dMpJOYzcegWfkSegYQpzwxZb982f5i6IzRi8Z5eqKUy7GQ0p7XGQHUYczqWJFGTv8rak4jk5DWNA2srbFeCeyUyyrJdqG9N1yBbqpnCWVJYO3FfrvAdTkFusGwjWZuQ34kgB5wOA-3z-mGmokc1uiDw3YsrIvxJlWCcJubbouQlWi1UieoGnQ23ASHRmoA57-5G40Hw5m_bt48ji6799MYi2SVMaMSeSmAMVEYnoaIIVSayUTUEaBliLRLJWQFlrIIitEiYlhSiIUArTRXHSj873uyrvXNYYmX7i1t-3JnGcqERnPerSlLvaU9i4EjyZftT-D3-aM5jtT87-mtrjY45uqxu2_bD4ePQ85y4QUX-TDeow</recordid><startdate>202311</startdate><enddate>202311</enddate><creator>Zapp, Samuel M.</creator><creator>Sanks, Kelly M.</creator><creator>Silvestre, Jose</creator><creator>Shaw, John B.</creator><creator>Dutt, Ripul</creator><creator>Straub, Kyle M.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-893X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-9680</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-0857</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-6200</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5966-2370</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202311</creationdate><title>Sediment Compaction in Experimental Deltas: Toward a Meso‐Scale Understanding of Coastal Subsidence Patterns</title><author>Zapp, Samuel M. ; Sanks, Kelly M. ; Silvestre, Jose ; Shaw, John B. ; Dutt, Ripul ; Straub, Kyle M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3456-116e2fba9134f7caa5adcc964a9f9ac634c156a5bc36b8b3de4f196eab3acfc23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Boundary conditions</topic><topic>Coastal flooding</topic><topic>Coastal plains</topic><topic>Compaction</topic><topic>Compressibility</topic><topic>Deltas</topic><topic>Drowning</topic><topic>ecogeomorphology</topic><topic>Elevation</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>Flooding</topic><topic>Floods</topic><topic>Fluvial deposits</topic><topic>Groundwater table</topic><topic>Marshes</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Scale models</topic><topic>Sea level</topic><topic>Sea level changes</topic><topic>Sea level rise</topic><topic>Sediment</topic><topic>sedimentology</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Subsidence</topic><topic>Surface boundary layer</topic><topic>Surface layers</topic><topic>Water table</topic><topic>Wetlands</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zapp, Samuel M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanks, Kelly M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silvestre, Jose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, John B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dutt, Ripul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Straub, Kyle M.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zapp, Samuel M.</au><au>Sanks, Kelly M.</au><au>Silvestre, Jose</au><au>Shaw, John B.</au><au>Dutt, Ripul</au><au>Straub, Kyle M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sediment Compaction in Experimental Deltas: Toward a Meso‐Scale Understanding of Coastal Subsidence Patterns</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface</jtitle><date>2023-11</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>11</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>2169-9003</issn><eissn>2169-9011</eissn><abstract>We present the first investigation of subsidence due to sediment compaction and consolidation in two laboratory‐scale river delta experiments. Spatial and temporal trends in subsidence rates in the experimental setting may elucidate behavior which cannot be directly observed at sufficiently long timescales, except for in reduced scale models such as the ones studied. We compare subsidence between a control experiment using steady boundary conditions, and an otherwise identical experiment which has been treated with a proxy for highly compressible marsh deposits. Both experiments have non‐negligible compactional subsidence rates across the delta‐top, comparable in magnitude to our boundary condition relative sea level rise rate of 250 μm/hr. Subsidence in the control experiment (on average 54 μm/hr) is concentrated in the lowest elevation (<10 mm above sea level) areas near the coast and is likely related to creep induced by a rising water table near the shoreface. The treatment experiment exhibits larger (on average 126 μm/hr) and more spatially variable subsidence rates controlled mostly by compaction of recent marsh deposits within one channel depth (∼10 mm) of the sediment surface. These rates compare favorably with field and modeling based subsidence measurements both in relative magnitude and location. We find that subsidence “hot spots” may be relatively ephemeral on longer timescales, but average subsidence across the entire delta can be variable even at our shortest measurement window. This suggests that subsidence rates over a short time frame may exceed thresholds for marsh platform drowning, even if the long term trend does not.
Plain Language Summary
Coastal and deltaic wetlands sit very near sea level. They accumulate a compressible mixture of organic material and mud which is deposited by tides and/or overbank flooding from rivers. As a result, these wetland environments can rapidly build elevation to keep pace with a significant amount of relative sea level rise. Over time, more sediment is delivered on top of the initially porous surface layers and they become compacted as they are buried, contributing to a downward movement of the land surface known as subsidence. Subsidence is a hazard that threatens infrastructure and worsens coastal flooding. Here we examine the spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence in a small (about 2 m2) physical delta experiment which includes a compressible proxy for wetland sediments. We find that subsidence is significantly higher where these wetland sediments have recently been deposited and driven by their compaction in the very shallow subsurface.
Key Points
The addition of a proxy for marsh sedimentation increases subsidence due to sediment compaction in two laboratory delta experiments
Subsidence is spatio‐temporally variable and dominantly shallow in the experiment with a marsh proxy
Subsidence rates, even across large areas, are highly variable on short timescales</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023JF007238</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-893X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-9680</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-0857</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-6200</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5966-2370</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Boundary conditions Coastal flooding Coastal plains Compaction Compressibility Deltas Drowning ecogeomorphology Elevation Experiments Flooding Floods Fluvial deposits Groundwater table Marshes Rivers Scale models Sea level Sea level changes Sea level rise Sediment sedimentology Sediments Subsidence Surface boundary layer Surface layers Water table Wetlands |
| title | Sediment Compaction in Experimental Deltas: Toward a Meso‐Scale Understanding of Coastal Subsidence Patterns |
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