Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) morphological and reproductive strategies in two contrasting sub-Antarctic forests

Sub-Antarctic giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) forests have remained relatively wild and far from anthropogenic pressures. However, they are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors that might affect kelp forest persistence. The urban impact of a coastal city, Ushuaia (54° S 68° W), in the Beagle Channel, Argentina, on giant kelp forest environments was evaluated in this study and implications on morphological variability were explored. Seasonal samplings were conducted from 2019 to 2021 in two contrasting sites: an urban site directly exposed to coastal discharges, and a non-urban site. Our results indicate that the combination of coastal discharges, kelp canopy and low wave exposure increases light attenuation inside kelp forests, promoting coastal darkening. Additionally, and based on the present results, we present the first record of algal turf in the Beagle Channel. We further propose the Kelp Structure Index to describe the effect of environmental conditions on kelp structure, which highlights an increased blade surface in sites with urban impacts. These results suggest that giant kelp shows high plasticity in morphological traits under varying environmental conditions, particularly in environments exposed to coastal darkening effects. However, the presence of turf indicates that urban pressures might be severely limiting kelp forest health.