Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation
This study presents the test results of blood and urine samples of impaired drivers in the Netherlands between January 1995 and December 1998. In this period, the blood alcohol concentrations of 11,458 samples have been determined and 1665 blood or urine samples have been analysed for drugs. The med...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Forensic science international 2001-09, Vol.120 (3), p.195-203 |
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| creator | Smink, B.E. Ruiter, B. Lusthof, K.J. Zweipfenning, P.G.M. |
| description | This study presents the test results of blood and urine samples of impaired drivers in the Netherlands between January 1995 and December 1998. In this period, the blood alcohol concentrations of 11,458 samples have been determined and 1665 blood or urine samples have been analysed for drugs. The median alcohol concentration was between 1.7 and 1.8
mg/ml blood. In 80% of the 1665 analysed samples drugs were detected. At least 42% (702/1665) of the impaired drivers were poly-drug users, with cocaine present in the most frequent combinations. In the Netherlands, the procedure to prove driving under the influence is complex. This procedure can be made more efficient and more effective by embedding the analytical test results, needed to prosecute an impaired driver, in the law. In Belgium and Germany, such laws already are in force. If we would apply the qualifications of the new Belgian law on our analytical data, 67% of the impaired drivers included in this comparison could have been prosecuted without discussion in court. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00476-X |
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mg/ml blood. In 80% of the 1665 analysed samples drugs were detected. At least 42% (702/1665) of the impaired drivers were poly-drug users, with cocaine present in the most frequent combinations. In the Netherlands, the procedure to prove driving under the influence is complex. This procedure can be made more efficient and more effective by embedding the analytical test results, needed to prosecute an impaired driver, in the law. In Belgium and Germany, such laws already are in force. If we would apply the qualifications of the new Belgian law on our analytical data, 67% of the impaired drivers included in this comparison could have been prosecuted without discussion in court.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0379-0738</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-6283</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00476-X</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11473802</identifier><identifier>CODEN: FSINDR</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>Alcohol ; Alcoholic Intoxication - blood ; Alcoholic Intoxication - urine ; Amphetamines ; Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence ; Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data ; Belgium ; Benzodiazepines ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood levels ; Breath tests ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cocaine ; Driving ability ; Driving under the influence ; Drug abuse ; Drug use ; Drugs ; Drunkenness ; Embedding ; Enforcement ; Forensic medicine ; Forensic sciences ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Germany ; Humans ; Investigations ; Legislation ; Medical sciences ; Methadone ; Morphine ; Narcotics ; Netherlands ; Plasma ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Substance-Related Disorders - blood ; Substance-Related Disorders - urine ; The Netherlands ; Traffic ; Urine</subject><ispartof>Forensic science international, 2001-09, Vol.120 (3), p.195-203</ispartof><rights>2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2001 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>2001. Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-ff920ec6d446737122f0a902316f00dc2f4716f3c0a646c60d004ce686f98e003</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-ff920ec6d446737122f0a902316f00dc2f4716f3c0a646c60d004ce686f98e003</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2865728609?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1099890$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473802$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Smink, B.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiter, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lusthof, K.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zweipfenning, P.G.M.</creatorcontrib><title>Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation</title><title>Forensic science international</title><addtitle>Forensic Sci Int</addtitle><description>This study presents the test results of blood and urine samples of impaired drivers in the Netherlands between January 1995 and December 1998. In this period, the blood alcohol concentrations of 11,458 samples have been determined and 1665 blood or urine samples have been analysed for drugs. The median alcohol concentration was between 1.7 and 1.8
mg/ml blood. In 80% of the 1665 analysed samples drugs were detected. At least 42% (702/1665) of the impaired drivers were poly-drug users, with cocaine present in the most frequent combinations. In the Netherlands, the procedure to prove driving under the influence is complex. This procedure can be made more efficient and more effective by embedding the analytical test results, needed to prosecute an impaired driver, in the law. In Belgium and Germany, such laws already are in force. If we would apply the qualifications of the new Belgian law on our analytical data, 67% of the impaired drivers included in this comparison could have been prosecuted without discussion in court.</description><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Alcoholic Intoxication - blood</subject><subject>Alcoholic Intoxication - urine</subject><subject>Amphetamines</subject><subject>Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence</subject><subject>Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Belgium</subject><subject>Benzodiazepines</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Breath tests</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>Cocaine</subject><subject>Driving ability</subject><subject>Driving under the influence</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug use</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Drunkenness</subject><subject>Embedding</subject><subject>Enforcement</subject><subject>Forensic medicine</subject><subject>Forensic sciences</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Investigations</subject><subject>Legislation</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Methadone</subject><subject>Morphine</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Netherlands</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - blood</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - urine</subject><subject>The Netherlands</subject><subject>Traffic</subject><subject>Urine</subject><issn>0379-0738</issn><issn>1872-6283</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2001</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkcFu1DAQQK2qqF1KPwFkqRzgEDp2Eic5IVqgIFVwgEq9Wa493rry2sVOWnHrP_CHfAnO7qpw4-IZed6MR8-EPGfwhgETx9-g7oYKurp_BfAaoOlEdblDFqzveCV4X--SxSOyT57mfAMAbcvFHtlnrCm3wBfk4X1ydy4s6RQMJjpeI3XB-gmDRhotVV7H6-ipCuY4JmrStMyFWINfsJzJl1KmbBja3w-_Sujn8p3D-7l9xs4wrVSYJ9AT9EtXco9Ll70aXQzPyBOrfMbDbTwgFx8_fD_9VJ1_Pft8-u680g3rx8ragQNqYZpGdHXHOLegBuA1ExbAaG6brqS1BiUaoQWYokSj6IUdegSoD8jRZu5tij8mzKO8iVMK5UnJe9F25YChUO2G0inmnNDK2-RWKv2UDOTsXa69y1mqBJBr7_Ky9L3YTp-uVmj-dm1FF-DlFlBZK2-TCtrlf6YXccO85dsNhkVFkZhk1m7-C-MS6lGa6P6zyR81I55F</recordid><startdate>20010901</startdate><enddate>20010901</enddate><creator>Smink, B.E.</creator><creator>Ruiter, B.</creator><creator>Lusthof, K.J.</creator><creator>Zweipfenning, P.G.M.</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20010901</creationdate><title>Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation</title><author>Smink, B.E. ; Ruiter, B. ; Lusthof, K.J. ; Zweipfenning, P.G.M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-ff920ec6d446737122f0a902316f00dc2f4716f3c0a646c60d004ce686f98e003</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2001</creationdate><topic>Alcohol</topic><topic>Alcoholic Intoxication - blood</topic><topic>Alcoholic Intoxication - urine</topic><topic>Amphetamines</topic><topic>Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence</topic><topic>Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Belgium</topic><topic>Benzodiazepines</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Breath tests</topic><topic>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</topic><topic>Cocaine</topic><topic>Driving ability</topic><topic>Driving under the influence</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug use</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Drunkenness</topic><topic>Embedding</topic><topic>Enforcement</topic><topic>Forensic medicine</topic><topic>Forensic sciences</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Germany</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Investigations</topic><topic>Legislation</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Methadone</topic><topic>Morphine</topic><topic>Narcotics</topic><topic>Netherlands</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - blood</topic><topic>Substance-Related Disorders - urine</topic><topic>The Netherlands</topic><topic>Traffic</topic><topic>Urine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Smink, B.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiter, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lusthof, K.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zweipfenning, P.G.M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Forensic science international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Smink, B.E.</au><au>Ruiter, B.</au><au>Lusthof, K.J.</au><au>Zweipfenning, P.G.M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation</atitle><jtitle>Forensic science international</jtitle><addtitle>Forensic Sci Int</addtitle><date>2001-09-01</date><risdate>2001</risdate><volume>120</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>195</spage><epage>203</epage><pages>195-203</pages><issn>0379-0738</issn><eissn>1872-6283</eissn><coden>FSINDR</coden><abstract>This study presents the test results of blood and urine samples of impaired drivers in the Netherlands between January 1995 and December 1998. In this period, the blood alcohol concentrations of 11,458 samples have been determined and 1665 blood or urine samples have been analysed for drugs. The median alcohol concentration was between 1.7 and 1.8
mg/ml blood. In 80% of the 1665 analysed samples drugs were detected. At least 42% (702/1665) of the impaired drivers were poly-drug users, with cocaine present in the most frequent combinations. In the Netherlands, the procedure to prove driving under the influence is complex. This procedure can be made more efficient and more effective by embedding the analytical test results, needed to prosecute an impaired driver, in the law. In Belgium and Germany, such laws already are in force. If we would apply the qualifications of the new Belgian law on our analytical data, 67% of the impaired drivers included in this comparison could have been prosecuted without discussion in court.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>11473802</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00476-X</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier); ProQuest Central UK/Ireland |
| subjects | Alcohol Alcoholic Intoxication - blood Alcoholic Intoxication - urine Amphetamines Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence Automobile Driving - statistics & numerical data Belgium Benzodiazepines Biological and medical sciences Blood levels Breath tests Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Cocaine Driving ability Driving under the influence Drug abuse Drug use Drugs Drunkenness Embedding Enforcement Forensic medicine Forensic sciences Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Germany Humans Investigations Legislation Medical sciences Methadone Morphine Narcotics Netherlands Plasma Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Substance-Related Disorders - blood Substance-Related Disorders - urine The Netherlands Traffic Urine |
| title | Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995–1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation |
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