Impact of Biochar on Fusarium Wilt of Cotton and the Dynamics of Soil Microbial Community

The effects of biochar on leaf and soil-borne diseases of plants can be seen in addition to its ability to sequester carbon, improve soil quality, and enhance plant performance. However, the mechanisms by which soil-borne pathogens are suppressed and plant performance is enhanced are not well understood. The present work aims to comprehensively establish the links between biochar-induced changes in the richness of the rhizosphere microbial population, in association with the reduction of soil-borne Fusarium wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum), in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), with improved plant performance. Biochar made from organic waste significantly decreased the colonization and survival of Fusarium in soil, raised the culture-able counts of numerous microbes with biocontrol potential (microorganisms that boost plant growth and development), and inhibited Fusarium wilt of cotton. The biochar amendment significantly enhanced the cotton plant development and physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content, etc. Overall, 9% organic waste biochar had shown a significant impact on cotton growth as compared to other treatments with or without biochar. Compared to the soil-only control, the disease index was considerably reduced in all biochar-amended treatments. In terms of the plant’s resistance to Fusarium wilt, biochar-induced increases in the level of overall chlorophyll content and biochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Additionally, cotton plants grown with a 9% biochar composition had considerably greater NPK levels than other treatments with or without biochar. The biochar addition resulted in increased counts of Pseudomonas spp., Actinomycetes spp., and Trichoderma spp., while Acidobacteriales, Rhodospirillales, and Frankiales were less when compared with an un-amended (without biochar) soil control. Thus, the composition of rhizosphere bacteria in the treatments with and without modified biochar was found to differ significantly.