Adhesion and Cohesion Strength of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Mixed with Different Types and Levels of Catalyst for Wood Composites
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the most well-known adhesives for exterior use. PF adhesive is one of the commercial thermoset polymers that is used extensively due to its many benefits. This study investigated the influence of different types and levels of catalysts, i.e., NaOH and CaCO3 a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of composites science 2023-08, Vol.7 (8), p.310 |
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| creator | Fitrianum, Fadilah Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Hadi, Yusuf Sudo Sari, Rita Kartika Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal Kristak, Lubos Iswanto, Apri Heri Mardawati, Efri Reh, Roman Sedliacik, Jan |
| description | Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the most well-known adhesives for exterior use. PF adhesive is one of the commercial thermoset polymers that is used extensively due to its many benefits. This study investigated the influence of different types and levels of catalysts, i.e., NaOH and CaCO3 at 1% and 5% based on the solids content of PF resin on the adhesive properties, adhesion, and cohesion strength of PF resin. The results show that the catalyst type significantly influenced the PF adhesive viscosity and pH. Furthermore, the catalyst level significantly affected the PF adhesive’s solids content, viscosity, and gelation time. The cohesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was more significant than the PF control at 75 °C. According to the DMA analysis, the mixed PF-NaOH-5% provided the highest storage modulus, followed by the PF-CaCO3-1%, with values that were not statistically different from one another. The adhesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was the highest, whereas the adhesion strength of the PF control was the lowest, as confirmed by the cohesion strength. According to the findings, adding CaCO3-1% as a catalyst of PF resin would result in better adhesive adhesion and cohesion properties for wood composites in the future. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/jcs7080310 |
| format | Article |
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PF adhesive is one of the commercial thermoset polymers that is used extensively due to its many benefits. This study investigated the influence of different types and levels of catalysts, i.e., NaOH and CaCO3 at 1% and 5% based on the solids content of PF resin on the adhesive properties, adhesion, and cohesion strength of PF resin. The results show that the catalyst type significantly influenced the PF adhesive viscosity and pH. Furthermore, the catalyst level significantly affected the PF adhesive’s solids content, viscosity, and gelation time. The cohesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was more significant than the PF control at 75 °C. According to the DMA analysis, the mixed PF-NaOH-5% provided the highest storage modulus, followed by the PF-CaCO3-1%, with values that were not statistically different from one another. The adhesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was the highest, whereas the adhesion strength of the PF control was the lowest, as confirmed by the cohesion strength. According to the findings, adding CaCO3-1% as a catalyst of PF resin would result in better adhesive adhesion and cohesion properties for wood composites in the future.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2504-477X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2504-477X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/jcs7080310</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Additives ; Adhesive strength ; Adhesives ; Aldehydes ; Aluminum ; Bond strength ; Calcium carbonate ; Catalysts ; Cohesion ; Composite materials ; Data analysis ; Formaldehyde ; Phenol formaldehyde resins ; Phenols ; Plywood ; Resins ; Shear strength ; Storage modulus ; Temperature ; Variance analysis ; Viscosity ; Wood composites ; Wood preservatives</subject><ispartof>Journal of composites science, 2023-08, Vol.7 (8), p.310</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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According to the findings, adding CaCO3-1% as a catalyst of PF resin would result in better adhesive adhesion and cohesion properties for wood composites in the future.</description><subject>Additives</subject><subject>Adhesive strength</subject><subject>Adhesives</subject><subject>Aldehydes</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Bond strength</subject><subject>Calcium carbonate</subject><subject>Catalysts</subject><subject>Cohesion</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Data analysis</subject><subject>Formaldehyde</subject><subject>Phenol formaldehyde resins</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Plywood</subject><subject>Resins</subject><subject>Shear strength</subject><subject>Storage modulus</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Variance analysis</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><subject>Wood composites</subject><subject>Wood preservatives</subject><issn>2504-477X</issn><issn>2504-477X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkU1LAzEQhhdRsNRe_AUBb8LWySZpusdSP6GiaEVvS7o7aVO2m5qk6h7956a2oMxhPnjed2AmSU4p9BnL4WJZeglDYBQOkk4mgKdcyrfDf_Vx0vN-CQCZzDnkrJN8j6oFemMbopqKjO2-eQ4Om3lYEKvJ4wIbW6fX1q1UXeGirZA8Rawh9-YLK_JpIndptMaoCWTartH_uk3wA2u_tRiroOrWB6KtI6_Wbjet1tabgP4kOdKq9tjb527ycn01Hd-mk4ebu_FokpaM8ZBK0DMlKROKq8FQiIoLMWB8oOhMI1W8zGmeA9JMZsBAiVlEhaKlBJARlKybnO18186-b9CHYmk3rokri2wo4uGYyLJI9XfUXNVYmEbb4FQZo8KVKW2D2sT5SA4yLnMQPArOd4LSWe8d6mLtzEq5tqBQbN9S_L2F_QBUzX8R</recordid><startdate>20230801</startdate><enddate>20230801</enddate><creator>Fitrianum, Fadilah</creator><creator>Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi</creator><creator>Hadi, Yusuf Sudo</creator><creator>Sari, Rita Kartika</creator><creator>Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal</creator><creator>Kristak, Lubos</creator><creator>Iswanto, Apri Heri</creator><creator>Mardawati, Efri</creator><creator>Reh, Roman</creator><creator>Sedliacik, Jan</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7983-4045</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-3125</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2385-5760</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2212-4501</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-2157</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-1384</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-434X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7908-2784</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-1429</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230801</creationdate><title>Adhesion and Cohesion Strength of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Mixed with Different Types and Levels of Catalyst for Wood Composites</title><author>Fitrianum, Fadilah ; Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi ; Hadi, Yusuf Sudo ; Sari, Rita Kartika ; Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal ; Kristak, Lubos ; Iswanto, Apri Heri ; Mardawati, Efri ; Reh, Roman ; Sedliacik, Jan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c334t-70fba7135a4a6855d4556346a1bfe1a4c91990e1272030a5b1355a1c700756373</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Additives</topic><topic>Adhesive strength</topic><topic>Adhesives</topic><topic>Aldehydes</topic><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Bond strength</topic><topic>Calcium carbonate</topic><topic>Catalysts</topic><topic>Cohesion</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Data analysis</topic><topic>Formaldehyde</topic><topic>Phenol formaldehyde resins</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Plywood</topic><topic>Resins</topic><topic>Shear strength</topic><topic>Storage modulus</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Variance analysis</topic><topic>Viscosity</topic><topic>Wood composites</topic><topic>Wood preservatives</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fitrianum, Fadilah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hadi, Yusuf Sudo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sari, Rita Kartika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kristak, Lubos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iswanto, Apri Heri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mardawati, Efri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reh, Roman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sedliacik, Jan</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Journal of composites science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fitrianum, Fadilah</au><au>Lubis, Muhammad Adly Rahandi</au><au>Hadi, Yusuf Sudo</au><au>Sari, Rita Kartika</au><au>Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal</au><au>Kristak, Lubos</au><au>Iswanto, Apri Heri</au><au>Mardawati, Efri</au><au>Reh, Roman</au><au>Sedliacik, Jan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Adhesion and Cohesion Strength of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Mixed with Different Types and Levels of Catalyst for Wood Composites</atitle><jtitle>Journal of composites science</jtitle><date>2023-08-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>7</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>310</spage><pages>310-</pages><issn>2504-477X</issn><eissn>2504-477X</eissn><abstract>Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the most well-known adhesives for exterior use. PF adhesive is one of the commercial thermoset polymers that is used extensively due to its many benefits. This study investigated the influence of different types and levels of catalysts, i.e., NaOH and CaCO3 at 1% and 5% based on the solids content of PF resin on the adhesive properties, adhesion, and cohesion strength of PF resin. The results show that the catalyst type significantly influenced the PF adhesive viscosity and pH. Furthermore, the catalyst level significantly affected the PF adhesive’s solids content, viscosity, and gelation time. The cohesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was more significant than the PF control at 75 °C. According to the DMA analysis, the mixed PF-NaOH-5% provided the highest storage modulus, followed by the PF-CaCO3-1%, with values that were not statistically different from one another. The adhesion strength of PF-CaCO3-1% was the highest, whereas the adhesion strength of the PF control was the lowest, as confirmed by the cohesion strength. According to the findings, adding CaCO3-1% as a catalyst of PF resin would result in better adhesive adhesion and cohesion properties for wood composites in the future.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/jcs7080310</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7983-4045</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7860-3125</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2385-5760</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2212-4501</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4470-2157</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-1384</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-434X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7908-2784</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-1429</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Additives Adhesive strength Adhesives Aldehydes Aluminum Bond strength Calcium carbonate Catalysts Cohesion Composite materials Data analysis Formaldehyde Phenol formaldehyde resins Phenols Plywood Resins Shear strength Storage modulus Temperature Variance analysis Viscosity Wood composites Wood preservatives |
| title | Adhesion and Cohesion Strength of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Mixed with Different Types and Levels of Catalyst for Wood Composites |
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