The impact of smoking on immunological response to SARS-COV 2: a nationwide seroepidemiological study
Background Smoking influences cellular and humoral immune responses and affects the immune system by increasing inflammation and decreasing activity against infections. The current study investigates the association between smoking and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Armenian population....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of public health 2022-10, Vol.32 (Supplement_3) |
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| container_title | European journal of public health |
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| creator | Sahakyan, S Musheghyan, L Muradyan, D Sargsyan, Z Petrosyan, V Khachadourian, V Harutyunyan, A |
| description | Background
Smoking influences cellular and humoral immune responses and affects the immune system by increasing inflammation and decreasing activity against infections. The current study investigates the association between smoking and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Armenian population.
Methods
We performed a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiological study among the adult population (≥18 years old) in Armenia. We used a multi-stage cluster random sampling to recruit participants from the capital city and all regions of Armenia. We invited selected participants to primary healthcare facilities to provide blood samples for antibody testing followed by a phone survey on demographic characteristics, smoking status, and other variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between smoking and having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies adjusted for other covariates.
Results
3483 people participated in the study (71% women). The total sample included 16.8% current smokers (n = 571), 8.6% past smokers (n = 294) and 76.4% never smokers (n = 2538). The prevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies among current smokers was statistically significantly lower as compared with never smokers (46.9% vs 73.4%, p-value |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.143 |
| format | Article |
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Smoking influences cellular and humoral immune responses and affects the immune system by increasing inflammation and decreasing activity against infections. The current study investigates the association between smoking and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Armenian population.
Methods
We performed a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiological study among the adult population (≥18 years old) in Armenia. We used a multi-stage cluster random sampling to recruit participants from the capital city and all regions of Armenia. We invited selected participants to primary healthcare facilities to provide blood samples for antibody testing followed by a phone survey on demographic characteristics, smoking status, and other variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between smoking and having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies adjusted for other covariates.
Results
3483 people participated in the study (71% women). The total sample included 16.8% current smokers (n = 571), 8.6% past smokers (n = 294) and 76.4% never smokers (n = 2538). The prevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies among current smokers was statistically significantly lower as compared with never smokers (46.9% vs 73.4%, p-value<0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of having SARS CoV-2 antibodies among the current smokers was 70% lower (OR 0.30, 95%CI: 0.22; 0.40) compared to never smokers, when adjusted for demographic factors and the time of PCR diagnosis of COVID-19. No statistically significant difference was found between past smokers and having SARS CoV-2 antibodies.
Conclusions
In addition to being a risk factor for various chronic diseases, smoking weakens immune response to infectious diseases, including COVID-19, worsening the outcomes. The significantly lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers with previous PCR confirmed COVID 19 implies a poorer immune response to the infection and not a lower risk of getting the infection.
Key messages
* Smoking weakens immune response and contributes to a higher burden of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
* Lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers indicates a poorer immune response to the infection rather than a lower risk of getting the infection.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1101-1262</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-360X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.143</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Antibodies ; Chronic illnesses ; COVID-19 ; Demographic variables ; Demographics ; Demography ; Health care facilities ; Immune response ; Immune response (humoral) ; Immune system ; Immunology ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Population studies ; Public health ; Random sampling ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Risk ; Risk factors ; Sampling ; Seroepidemiology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Smoking ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical sampling</subject><ispartof>European journal of public health, 2022-10, Vol.32 (Supplement_3)</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. 2022</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,864,1603,27865,27923,27924</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sahakyan, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musheghyan, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muradyan, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sargsyan, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petrosyan, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khachadourian, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harutyunyan, A</creatorcontrib><title>The impact of smoking on immunological response to SARS-COV 2: a nationwide seroepidemiological study</title><title>European journal of public health</title><description>Background
Smoking influences cellular and humoral immune responses and affects the immune system by increasing inflammation and decreasing activity against infections. The current study investigates the association between smoking and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Armenian population.
Methods
We performed a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiological study among the adult population (≥18 years old) in Armenia. We used a multi-stage cluster random sampling to recruit participants from the capital city and all regions of Armenia. We invited selected participants to primary healthcare facilities to provide blood samples for antibody testing followed by a phone survey on demographic characteristics, smoking status, and other variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between smoking and having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies adjusted for other covariates.
Results
3483 people participated in the study (71% women). The total sample included 16.8% current smokers (n = 571), 8.6% past smokers (n = 294) and 76.4% never smokers (n = 2538). The prevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies among current smokers was statistically significantly lower as compared with never smokers (46.9% vs 73.4%, p-value<0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of having SARS CoV-2 antibodies among the current smokers was 70% lower (OR 0.30, 95%CI: 0.22; 0.40) compared to never smokers, when adjusted for demographic factors and the time of PCR diagnosis of COVID-19. No statistically significant difference was found between past smokers and having SARS CoV-2 antibodies.
Conclusions
In addition to being a risk factor for various chronic diseases, smoking weakens immune response to infectious diseases, including COVID-19, worsening the outcomes. The significantly lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers with previous PCR confirmed COVID 19 implies a poorer immune response to the infection and not a lower risk of getting the infection.
Key messages
* Smoking weakens immune response and contributes to a higher burden of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
* Lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers indicates a poorer immune response to the infection rather than a lower risk of getting the infection.</description><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Chronic illnesses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Demographic variables</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Health care facilities</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune response (humoral)</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Random sampling</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Regression models</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>Seroepidemiology</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical sampling</subject><issn>1101-1262</issn><issn>1464-360X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkE1LAzEQhoMoWKt_wFPA87YzSfaj3krxCwoFW8VbyGaTum13sya7SP-9K1s8e5qX4Xln4CHkFmGCMONT0_mmy6d6rzRynKDgZ2SEIhERT-DjvM8IGCFL2CW5CmEHAHGasRExm09Dy6pRuqXO0lC5fVlvqav7ZdXV7uC2pVYH6k1oXB0MbR1dz1_X0WL1Ttk9VbRWbenq77IwNBjvTNOnqvwrhrYrjtfkwqpDMDenOSZvjw-bxXO0XD29LObLSGPMeZTGGct5zlmRgUBrC57PIAVrbI7C8iSDBHhmCqOKnIGANEt1zBG0FUmexpqPyd1wt_HuqzOhlTvX-bp_KVkWixkg40lPsYHS3oXgjZWNLyvljxJB_uqUg0550il7nX0pGkqua_7D_wDvd3p7</recordid><startdate>20221021</startdate><enddate>20221021</enddate><creator>Sahakyan, S</creator><creator>Musheghyan, L</creator><creator>Muradyan, D</creator><creator>Sargsyan, Z</creator><creator>Petrosyan, V</creator><creator>Khachadourian, V</creator><creator>Harutyunyan, A</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Publishing Limited (England)</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20221021</creationdate><title>The impact of smoking on immunological response to SARS-COV 2: a nationwide seroepidemiological study</title><author>Sahakyan, S ; Musheghyan, L ; Muradyan, D ; Sargsyan, Z ; Petrosyan, V ; Khachadourian, V ; Harutyunyan, A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1533-7582b3b32d8041ffd3b9070fefb14f36806038edeadb2040787c5310cf46b75c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Chronic illnesses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Demographic variables</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Health care facilities</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune response (humoral)</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Random sampling</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Regression models</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>Seroepidemiology</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical sampling</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sahakyan, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musheghyan, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muradyan, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sargsyan, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petrosyan, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khachadourian, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harutyunyan, A</creatorcontrib><collection>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><jtitle>European journal of public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sahakyan, S</au><au>Musheghyan, L</au><au>Muradyan, D</au><au>Sargsyan, Z</au><au>Petrosyan, V</au><au>Khachadourian, V</au><au>Harutyunyan, A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The impact of smoking on immunological response to SARS-COV 2: a nationwide seroepidemiological study</atitle><jtitle>European journal of public health</jtitle><date>2022-10-21</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>Supplement_3</issue><issn>1101-1262</issn><eissn>1464-360X</eissn><abstract>Background
Smoking influences cellular and humoral immune responses and affects the immune system by increasing inflammation and decreasing activity against infections. The current study investigates the association between smoking and immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Armenian population.
Methods
We performed a nationwide cross-sectional seroepidemiological study among the adult population (≥18 years old) in Armenia. We used a multi-stage cluster random sampling to recruit participants from the capital city and all regions of Armenia. We invited selected participants to primary healthcare facilities to provide blood samples for antibody testing followed by a phone survey on demographic characteristics, smoking status, and other variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between smoking and having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies adjusted for other covariates.
Results
3483 people participated in the study (71% women). The total sample included 16.8% current smokers (n = 571), 8.6% past smokers (n = 294) and 76.4% never smokers (n = 2538). The prevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies among current smokers was statistically significantly lower as compared with never smokers (46.9% vs 73.4%, p-value<0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of having SARS CoV-2 antibodies among the current smokers was 70% lower (OR 0.30, 95%CI: 0.22; 0.40) compared to never smokers, when adjusted for demographic factors and the time of PCR diagnosis of COVID-19. No statistically significant difference was found between past smokers and having SARS CoV-2 antibodies.
Conclusions
In addition to being a risk factor for various chronic diseases, smoking weakens immune response to infectious diseases, including COVID-19, worsening the outcomes. The significantly lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers with previous PCR confirmed COVID 19 implies a poorer immune response to the infection and not a lower risk of getting the infection.
Key messages
* Smoking weakens immune response and contributes to a higher burden of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
* Lower level of antibody prevalence among smokers indicates a poorer immune response to the infection rather than a lower risk of getting the infection.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><doi>10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.143</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PAIS Index; Oxford Journals Open Access Collection; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Antibodies Chronic illnesses COVID-19 Demographic variables Demographics Demography Health care facilities Immune response Immune response (humoral) Immune system Immunology Infections Infectious diseases Population studies Public health Random sampling Regression analysis Regression models Risk Risk factors Sampling Seroepidemiology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Smoking Statistical analysis Statistical sampling |
| title | The impact of smoking on immunological response to SARS-COV 2: a nationwide seroepidemiological study |
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