Novel Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Coconut Wastes and Its Potential as Water Disinfectant
This paper presents a facile and effective method for the large-scale production of carbon dots (CDs) from diverse coconut wastes (fronds, husk and shell). On comparing two different methods, namely (i) hydrothermal carbonization and (ii) novel sequential synthesis processes (pyrolysis followed by s...
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creator | Rajkishore, Subramani Krishnaraj Devadharshini, Krishnagounder Padmanaban Sathya Moorthy, Ponnuraj Reddy Kiran Kalyan, Vanniya Sreeramulu Sunitha, Rajkishore Prasanthrajan, Mohan Maheswari, Muthunalliappan Subramanian, Kizhaeral Sevathapandian Sakthivel, Nalliappan Sakrabani, Ruben |
description | This paper presents a facile and effective method for the large-scale production of carbon dots (CDs) from diverse coconut wastes (fronds, husk and shell). On comparing two different methods, namely (i) hydrothermal carbonization and (ii) novel sequential synthesis processes (pyrolysis followed by sonication), the latter procedure recorded a higher recovery of CDs (14.0%) over the hydrothermal method (2.33%). Doping agents such as urea, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) were chosen at varying concentrations to synthesize surface-modified CDs (SMCDs) for enhanced antibacterial properties. Among these SMCDs, urea-doped CDs (1:1) @ 1000 ppm registered significantly higher cytotoxicity (20.6%) against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, to assess the applicability of CDs as a disinfectant in water purification systems, two products, namely (i) CD-infused chitosan beads and (ii) pelletized CDs, were developed to ensure the immobilization of CDs. Studies with lab-scale prototypes have revealed that CDs infused chitosan beads reduced the colonies of E. coli from 5.41 × 102 CFU/mL (control group) to 2.16 × 102 CFU/mL, in comparison with pelletized CDs that decreased to 3.30 × 102 CFU/mL. The biosafety of CDs was assessed against Eisenia fetida for 21 days, and the observations revealed no mortality, even at 2000 ppm. Overall, this research demonstrated that a waste biomass can be effectively transformed into a novel water disinfectant. Furthermore, this scientific endeavor opens up research avenues to evolve advanced water purifiers using low-cost and eco-friendly nanomaterials. |
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On comparing two different methods, namely (i) hydrothermal carbonization and (ii) novel sequential synthesis processes (pyrolysis followed by sonication), the latter procedure recorded a higher recovery of CDs (14.0%) over the hydrothermal method (2.33%). Doping agents such as urea, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) were chosen at varying concentrations to synthesize surface-modified CDs (SMCDs) for enhanced antibacterial properties. Among these SMCDs, urea-doped CDs (1:1) @ 1000 ppm registered significantly higher cytotoxicity (20.6%) against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, to assess the applicability of CDs as a disinfectant in water purification systems, two products, namely (i) CD-infused chitosan beads and (ii) pelletized CDs, were developed to ensure the immobilization of CDs. Studies with lab-scale prototypes have revealed that CDs infused chitosan beads reduced the colonies of E. coli from 5.41 × 102 CFU/mL (control group) to 2.16 × 102 CFU/mL, in comparison with pelletized CDs that decreased to 3.30 × 102 CFU/mL. The biosafety of CDs was assessed against Eisenia fetida for 21 days, and the observations revealed no mortality, even at 2000 ppm. Overall, this research demonstrated that a waste biomass can be effectively transformed into a novel water disinfectant. Furthermore, this scientific endeavor opens up research avenues to evolve advanced water purifiers using low-cost and eco-friendly nanomaterials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su151410924</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Antimicrobial agents ; Biomass ; Carbon ; Disinfection & disinfectants ; Drinking water ; Nanomaterials ; Photocatalysis ; Pollutants ; Quantum dots ; Surface chemistry ; Sustainability</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2023-07, Vol.15 (14), p.10924</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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On comparing two different methods, namely (i) hydrothermal carbonization and (ii) novel sequential synthesis processes (pyrolysis followed by sonication), the latter procedure recorded a higher recovery of CDs (14.0%) over the hydrothermal method (2.33%). Doping agents such as urea, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) were chosen at varying concentrations to synthesize surface-modified CDs (SMCDs) for enhanced antibacterial properties. Among these SMCDs, urea-doped CDs (1:1) @ 1000 ppm registered significantly higher cytotoxicity (20.6%) against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, to assess the applicability of CDs as a disinfectant in water purification systems, two products, namely (i) CD-infused chitosan beads and (ii) pelletized CDs, were developed to ensure the immobilization of CDs. Studies with lab-scale prototypes have revealed that CDs infused chitosan beads reduced the colonies of E. coli from 5.41 × 102 CFU/mL (control group) to 2.16 × 102 CFU/mL, in comparison with pelletized CDs that decreased to 3.30 × 102 CFU/mL. The biosafety of CDs was assessed against Eisenia fetida for 21 days, and the observations revealed no mortality, even at 2000 ppm. Overall, this research demonstrated that a waste biomass can be effectively transformed into a novel water disinfectant. Furthermore, this scientific endeavor opens up research avenues to evolve advanced water purifiers using low-cost and eco-friendly nanomaterials.</description><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Disinfection & disinfectants</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Nanomaterials</subject><subject>Photocatalysis</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Quantum dots</subject><subject>Surface chemistry</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><issn>2071-1050</issn><issn>2071-1050</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkUtLw0AQgIMoWLQn_8CCJ5HWnd08jyX1USgqVhG8hEkyW1PSbN3diP33rtRDO3OYYeabFxMEF8DHUmb8xvYQQQg8E-FRMBA8gRHwiB_v-afB0NoV9yIlZBAPgo9H_U0tW2w790m2sUwrlqMpdcem2lmmjF6zXFe66x17R-vIMuxqNvO5Z-2ocw22DK3POTJs2timU1Q57Nx5cKKwtTT8t2fB293ta_4wmj_dz_LJfFTJBNwoSaGUGNeKRIwElUDEkpDzmgQolCVRyGPKiIu6UmUm6lpFIgFSKFICkGfB5a7vxuivnqwrVro3nR9ZiDSUIFKZSU-Nd9QSWyr8ktoZrLzWtG78eaQaH58kUSZkJETiC64OCjzj6Mctsbe2mC1eDtnrHVsZba0hVWxMs0azLYAXf88p9p4jfwHwQIEY</recordid><startdate>20230701</startdate><enddate>20230701</enddate><creator>Rajkishore, Subramani Krishnaraj</creator><creator>Devadharshini, Krishnagounder Padmanaban</creator><creator>Sathya Moorthy, Ponnuraj</creator><creator>Reddy Kiran Kalyan, Vanniya Sreeramulu</creator><creator>Sunitha, Rajkishore</creator><creator>Prasanthrajan, Mohan</creator><creator>Maheswari, Muthunalliappan</creator><creator>Subramanian, Kizhaeral Sevathapandian</creator><creator>Sakthivel, Nalliappan</creator><creator>Sakrabani, Ruben</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-4970</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5762-5026</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-7044</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230701</creationdate><title>Novel Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Coconut Wastes and Its Potential as Water Disinfectant</title><author>Rajkishore, Subramani Krishnaraj ; Devadharshini, Krishnagounder Padmanaban ; Sathya Moorthy, Ponnuraj ; Reddy Kiran Kalyan, Vanniya Sreeramulu ; Sunitha, Rajkishore ; Prasanthrajan, Mohan ; Maheswari, Muthunalliappan ; Subramanian, Kizhaeral Sevathapandian ; Sakthivel, Nalliappan ; Sakrabani, Ruben</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c371t-781b3a6dfe26ae1c2aaabea00de21fa3bee406e9e02dcfb92ddf5271efa28e113</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Disinfection & disinfectants</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Nanomaterials</topic><topic>Photocatalysis</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Quantum dots</topic><topic>Surface chemistry</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rajkishore, Subramani Krishnaraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Devadharshini, Krishnagounder Padmanaban</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sathya Moorthy, Ponnuraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reddy Kiran Kalyan, Vanniya Sreeramulu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sunitha, Rajkishore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prasanthrajan, Mohan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maheswari, Muthunalliappan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Subramanian, Kizhaeral Sevathapandian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sakthivel, Nalliappan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sakrabani, Ruben</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rajkishore, Subramani Krishnaraj</au><au>Devadharshini, Krishnagounder Padmanaban</au><au>Sathya Moorthy, Ponnuraj</au><au>Reddy Kiran Kalyan, Vanniya Sreeramulu</au><au>Sunitha, Rajkishore</au><au>Prasanthrajan, Mohan</au><au>Maheswari, Muthunalliappan</au><au>Subramanian, Kizhaeral Sevathapandian</au><au>Sakthivel, Nalliappan</au><au>Sakrabani, Ruben</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Novel Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Coconut Wastes and Its Potential as Water Disinfectant</atitle><jtitle>Sustainability</jtitle><date>2023-07-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>14</issue><spage>10924</spage><pages>10924-</pages><issn>2071-1050</issn><eissn>2071-1050</eissn><abstract>This paper presents a facile and effective method for the large-scale production of carbon dots (CDs) from diverse coconut wastes (fronds, husk and shell). On comparing two different methods, namely (i) hydrothermal carbonization and (ii) novel sequential synthesis processes (pyrolysis followed by sonication), the latter procedure recorded a higher recovery of CDs (14.0%) over the hydrothermal method (2.33%). Doping agents such as urea, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) were chosen at varying concentrations to synthesize surface-modified CDs (SMCDs) for enhanced antibacterial properties. Among these SMCDs, urea-doped CDs (1:1) @ 1000 ppm registered significantly higher cytotoxicity (20.6%) against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, to assess the applicability of CDs as a disinfectant in water purification systems, two products, namely (i) CD-infused chitosan beads and (ii) pelletized CDs, were developed to ensure the immobilization of CDs. Studies with lab-scale prototypes have revealed that CDs infused chitosan beads reduced the colonies of E. coli from 5.41 × 102 CFU/mL (control group) to 2.16 × 102 CFU/mL, in comparison with pelletized CDs that decreased to 3.30 × 102 CFU/mL. The biosafety of CDs was assessed against Eisenia fetida for 21 days, and the observations revealed no mortality, even at 2000 ppm. Overall, this research demonstrated that a waste biomass can be effectively transformed into a novel water disinfectant. Furthermore, this scientific endeavor opens up research avenues to evolve advanced water purifiers using low-cost and eco-friendly nanomaterials.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/su151410924</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-4970</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5762-5026</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-7044</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Antimicrobial agents Biomass Carbon Disinfection & disinfectants Drinking water Nanomaterials Photocatalysis Pollutants Quantum dots Surface chemistry Sustainability |
title | Novel Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Coconut Wastes and Its Potential as Water Disinfectant |
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