Prospects for the Use of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Energy Technologies (Review)

The prospects for the use of new, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D materials) for the intensification of heat and mass transfer processes in power equipment are considered. The main types of 2D materials are presented, and their physical and technological properties and unique characteristics are described. Separate technological methods for the manufacture of 2D materials and films, composites, and nanofluids for various energy applications have been studied. Special attention is paid to materials based on single-layer and multilayer graphene, characteristics of materials based on graphene components, and their physicochemical and other parameters. The effects that are observed when using nanofluids as heat carriers and when applying coatings based on 2D materials on heat-transfer surfaces during various heat-transfer processes are described: single-phase convection, evaporation, boiling, condensation. It is shown that, in all cases, the heat-transfer efficiency increases significantly. Specific examples of the use of 2D materials in heat pipes and thermosiphons are given, and ways to improve the characteristics of these devices are described. Some mathematical and physical models of functioning of two-dimensional materials in power engineering are considered. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of the mechanisms of heat transfer, evaporation, boiling, and condensation in energy systems. However, it is indicated that there are certain difficulties in choosing 2D materials for use in the energy sector. It is concluded that, due to additional research and the active use of 2D materials, unprecedented opportunities are opening up for the development of promising energy, construction, electronic, and other technologies as well as the creation of next-generation materials with unique mechanical, optical, electromagnetic and thermal properties.