Investigation of electrochemical performance of Na-ion batteries by hard carbon anodes produced by biomass of Prunusarmeniaca seeds

Hard carbon is successfully fabricated using biomass of Prunus armeniaca seed shells, and its structural properties are examined by different spectroscopic techniques. For using as an anode electrode in Na-ion batteries, the material is subjected to further pyrolysis at varying temperatures for achieving the necessary levels of conductivity and surface area which are important features for electrode materials. Distinguish properties of the hard carbon in the XRD study appeared as broad peaks at 2 θ = 23° and 43°. The purity of produced hard carbons was approved by EDX to analyze that the purity of hard carbon is greater than 99.9%, making it suitable for industrial use. It was found that the CV curves of the cells created in this work utilizing hard carbon were quite comparable to the CV curves of commercially produced hard carbon cells. According to charge/discharge cycling measurements for constant current at rt, the highest capacity of 210.2 mAh/g using 0.1 A/g is obtained for the material pyrolyzed at 1200 °C and the capacity fade was found as 0.11. From these promising results, it is thought that the produced hard carbon can be easily used in the production of anode electrodes in commercial Na-ion batteries and technological applications. So it is summarized that P . armeniaca seed shells is one of the main sources for the production of the hard carbon and it can be used as an anode materials in battery cells.