X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-yearold flare of Sgr A
The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4million (Sagittarius A· (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A· by dense gas in the Galactic Centre...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature (London) 2023-07, Vol.619 (7968), p.41-45H |
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| creator | Marin, Frédéric Churazov, Eugene Khabibullin, Ildar Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Di Gesu, Laura Di Marco, Alessandro Middei, Riccardo Vikhlinin, Alexey Costa, Enrico Soffitta, Paolo Muleri, Fabio Sunyaev, Rashid man, William Kraft, Ralph Bianchi, Stefano Donnarumma, Immacolata Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Enoto, Teruaki Agudo, Iván Antonelli, Lucio A Bachetti, Matteo Baldini, Luca Baumgartner, Wayne H Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bongiorno, Stephen D Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Capitanio, Fiamma Castellano, Simone Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Lalla, Niccolò Doroshenko, Victor Dovčiak, Michal Ehlert, Steven R Evangelista, Yuri Fabiani, Sergio Garcia, Javier A Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Ingram, Adam Iwakiri, Wataru Jorstad, Svetlana G Kaaret, Philip Karas, Vladimir Kitaguchi, Takao Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J Krawczynski, Henric La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Liodakis, Ioannis Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marinucci, Andrea Marscher, Alan P Marshall, Herman L Massaro, Francesco Matt, Giorgio Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Mizuno, Tsunefumi O'Dell, Stephen L Omodei, Nicola Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G Peirson, Abel L Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Poutanen, Juri Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Roberts, Oliver J Romani, Roger W Sgrò, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Spandre, Gloria Swartz, Doug Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Tennant, Allyn F Thomas, Nicholas E Tombesi, Francesco Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S Turolla, Roberto Vink, Jacco Weisskopf, Martin C Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei Zane, Silvia |
| description | The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4million (Sagittarius A· (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A· by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape ofthe X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A· are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A· being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A· was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x |
| format | Article |
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Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A· by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape ofthe X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A· are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A· being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A· was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-0836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4687</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Black holes ; Continuum radiation ; Emission ; Emissions ; Fluorescence ; Galaxies ; Luminosity ; Milky Way ; Molecular clouds ; Polarimetry ; Polarization ; Seyfert galaxies ; X ray imagery ; X ray reflection ; X-ray astronomy ; X-ray emissions ; X-rays</subject><ispartof>Nature (London), 2023-07, Vol.619 (7968), p.41-45H</ispartof><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 6, 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Marin, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Churazov, Eugene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khabibullin, Ildar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrazzoli, Riccardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Gesu, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Marco, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Middei, Riccardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vikhlinin, Alexey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Costa, Enrico</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soffitta, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muleri, Fabio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sunyaev, Rashid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>man, William</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kraft, Ralph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bianchi, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donnarumma, Immacolata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enoto, Teruaki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agudo, Iván</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antonelli, Lucio A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bachetti, Matteo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baldini, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baumgartner, Wayne H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bellazzini, Ronaldo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bongiorno, Stephen D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bonino, Raffaella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brez, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Capitanio, Fiamma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castellano, Simone</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cavazzuti, Elisabetta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Chien-Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ciprini, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Rosa, Alessandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Del Monte, Ettore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Lalla, Niccolò</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doroshenko, Victor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dovčiak, Michal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ehlert, Steven R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evangelista, Yuri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fabiani, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Javier A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gunji, Shuichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayashida, Kiyoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heyl, Jeremy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ingram, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iwakiri, Wataru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jorstad, Svetlana G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaaret, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karas, Vladimir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitaguchi, Takao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krawczynski, Henric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>La Monaca, Fabio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Latronico, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liodakis, Ioannis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maldera, Simone</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manfreda, Alberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marinucci, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marscher, Alan P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marshall, Herman L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Massaro, Francesco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matt, Giorgio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mizuno, Tsunefumi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Dell, Stephen L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omodei, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oppedisano, Chiara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Papitto, Alessandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pavlov, George G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peirson, Abel L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perri, Matteo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesce-Rollins, Melissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pilia, Maura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Possenti, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poutanen, Juri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puccetti, Simonetta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramsey, Brian D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rankin, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ratheesh, Ajay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roberts, Oliver J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Romani, Roger W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sgrò, Carmelo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slane, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spandre, Gloria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swartz, Doug</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tamagawa, Toru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tavecchio, Fabrizio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taverna, Roberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tawara, Yuzuru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tennant, Allyn F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Nicholas E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tombesi, Francesco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trois, Alessio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsygankov, Sergey S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turolla, Roberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vink, Jacco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weisskopf, Martin C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Kinwah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xie, Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zane, Silvia</creatorcontrib><title>X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-yearold flare of Sgr A</title><title>Nature (London)</title><description>The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4million (Sagittarius A· (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A· by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape ofthe X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A· are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A· being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A· was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.</description><subject>Black holes</subject><subject>Continuum radiation</subject><subject>Emission</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Fluorescence</subject><subject>Galaxies</subject><subject>Luminosity</subject><subject>Milky Way</subject><subject>Molecular clouds</subject><subject>Polarimetry</subject><subject>Polarization</subject><subject>Seyfert galaxies</subject><subject>X ray imagery</subject><subject>X ray reflection</subject><subject>X-ray astronomy</subject><subject>X-ray 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polarization evidence for a 200-yearold flare of Sgr A</title><author>Marin, Frédéric ; Churazov, Eugene ; Khabibullin, Ildar ; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo ; Di Gesu, Laura ; Di Marco, Alessandro ; Middei, Riccardo ; Vikhlinin, Alexey ; Costa, Enrico ; Soffitta, Paolo ; Muleri, Fabio ; Sunyaev, Rashid ; man, William ; Kraft, Ralph ; Bianchi, Stefano ; Donnarumma, Immacolata ; Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier ; Enoto, Teruaki ; Agudo, Iván ; Antonelli, Lucio A ; Bachetti, Matteo ; Baldini, Luca ; Baumgartner, Wayne H ; Bellazzini, Ronaldo ; Bongiorno, Stephen D ; Bonino, Raffaella ; Brez, Alessandro ; Capitanio, Fiamma ; Castellano, Simone ; Cavazzuti, Elisabetta ; Chen, Chien-Ting ; Ciprini, Stefano ; De Rosa, Alessandra ; Del Monte, Ettore ; Di Lalla, Niccolò ; Doroshenko, Victor ; Dovčiak, Michal ; Ehlert, Steven R ; Evangelista, Yuri ; Fabiani, Sergio ; Garcia, Javier A ; Gunji, Shuichi ; Hayashida, Kiyoshi ; Heyl, Jeremy ; Ingram, Adam ; Iwakiri, Wataru ; Jorstad, Svetlana G ; Kaaret, Philip ; Karas, Vladimir ; Kitaguchi, Takao ; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J ; Krawczynski, Henric ; La Monaca, Fabio ; Latronico, Luca ; Liodakis, Ioannis ; Maldera, Simone ; Manfreda, Alberto ; Marinucci, Andrea ; Marscher, Alan P ; Marshall, Herman L ; Massaro, Francesco ; Matt, Giorgio ; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki ; Mizuno, Tsunefumi ; O'Dell, Stephen L ; Omodei, Nicola ; Oppedisano, Chiara ; Papitto, Alessandro ; Pavlov, George G ; Peirson, Abel L ; Perri, Matteo ; Pesce-Rollins, Melissa ; Pilia, Maura ; Possenti, Andrea ; Poutanen, Juri ; Puccetti, Simonetta ; Ramsey, Brian D ; Rankin, John ; Ratheesh, Ajay ; Roberts, Oliver J ; Romani, Roger W ; Sgrò, Carmelo ; Slane, Patrick ; Spandre, Gloria ; Swartz, Doug ; Tamagawa, Toru ; Tavecchio, Fabrizio ; Taverna, Roberto ; Tawara, Yuzuru ; Tennant, Allyn F ; Thomas, Nicholas E ; Tombesi, Francesco ; Trois, Alessio ; Tsygankov, Sergey S ; Turolla, Roberto ; Vink, Jacco ; Weisskopf, Martin C ; Wu, Kinwah ; Xie, Fei ; Zane, Silvia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-proquest_journals_28345057693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Black holes</topic><topic>Continuum radiation</topic><topic>Emission</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Fluorescence</topic><topic>Galaxies</topic><topic>Luminosity</topic><topic>Milky Way</topic><topic>Molecular clouds</topic><topic>Polarimetry</topic><topic>Polarization</topic><topic>Seyfert galaxies</topic><topic>X ray imagery</topic><topic>X ray reflection</topic><topic>X-ray astronomy</topic><topic>X-ray emissions</topic><topic>X-rays</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Marin, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Churazov, Eugene</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khabibullin, Ildar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrazzoli, Riccardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Di Gesu, 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Marin, Frédéric</au><au>Churazov, Eugene</au><au>Khabibullin, Ildar</au><au>Ferrazzoli, Riccardo</au><au>Di Gesu, Laura</au><au>Di Marco, Alessandro</au><au>Middei, Riccardo</au><au>Vikhlinin, Alexey</au><au>Costa, Enrico</au><au>Soffitta, Paolo</au><au>Muleri, Fabio</au><au>Sunyaev, Rashid</au><au>man, William</au><au>Kraft, Ralph</au><au>Bianchi, Stefano</au><au>Donnarumma, Immacolata</au><au>Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier</au><au>Enoto, Teruaki</au><au>Agudo, Iván</au><au>Antonelli, Lucio A</au><au>Bachetti, Matteo</au><au>Baldini, Luca</au><au>Baumgartner, Wayne H</au><au>Bellazzini, Ronaldo</au><au>Bongiorno, Stephen D</au><au>Bonino, Raffaella</au><au>Brez, Alessandro</au><au>Capitanio, Fiamma</au><au>Castellano, Simone</au><au>Cavazzuti, Elisabetta</au><au>Chen, Chien-Ting</au><au>Ciprini, Stefano</au><au>De Rosa, Alessandra</au><au>Del Monte, Ettore</au><au>Di Lalla, Niccolò</au><au>Doroshenko, Victor</au><au>Dovčiak, Michal</au><au>Ehlert, Steven R</au><au>Evangelista, Yuri</au><au>Fabiani, Sergio</au><au>Garcia, Javier A</au><au>Gunji, Shuichi</au><au>Hayashida, Kiyoshi</au><au>Heyl, Jeremy</au><au>Ingram, Adam</au><au>Iwakiri, Wataru</au><au>Jorstad, Svetlana G</au><au>Kaaret, Philip</au><au>Karas, Vladimir</au><au>Kitaguchi, Takao</au><au>Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J</au><au>Krawczynski, Henric</au><au>La Monaca, Fabio</au><au>Latronico, Luca</au><au>Liodakis, Ioannis</au><au>Maldera, Simone</au><au>Manfreda, Alberto</au><au>Marinucci, Andrea</au><au>Marscher, Alan P</au><au>Marshall, Herman L</au><au>Massaro, Francesco</au><au>Matt, Giorgio</au><au>Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki</au><au>Mizuno, Tsunefumi</au><au>O'Dell, Stephen L</au><au>Omodei, Nicola</au><au>Oppedisano, Chiara</au><au>Papitto, Alessandro</au><au>Pavlov, George G</au><au>Peirson, Abel L</au><au>Perri, Matteo</au><au>Pesce-Rollins, Melissa</au><au>Pilia, Maura</au><au>Possenti, Andrea</au><au>Poutanen, Juri</au><au>Puccetti, Simonetta</au><au>Ramsey, Brian D</au><au>Rankin, John</au><au>Ratheesh, Ajay</au><au>Roberts, Oliver J</au><au>Romani, Roger W</au><au>Sgrò, Carmelo</au><au>Slane, Patrick</au><au>Spandre, Gloria</au><au>Swartz, Doug</au><au>Tamagawa, Toru</au><au>Tavecchio, Fabrizio</au><au>Taverna, Roberto</au><au>Tawara, Yuzuru</au><au>Tennant, Allyn F</au><au>Thomas, Nicholas E</au><au>Tombesi, Francesco</au><au>Trois, Alessio</au><au>Tsygankov, Sergey S</au><au>Turolla, Roberto</au><au>Vink, Jacco</au><au>Weisskopf, Martin C</au><au>Wu, Kinwah</au><au>Xie, Fei</au><au>Zane, Silvia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-yearold flare of Sgr A</atitle><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle><date>2023-07-06</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>619</volume><issue>7968</issue><spage>41</spage><epage>45H</epage><pages>41-45H</pages><issn>0028-0836</issn><eissn>1476-4687</eissn><abstract>The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4million (Sagittarius A· (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A· by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape ofthe X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A· are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A· being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A· was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group</pub><doi>10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x</doi></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0028-0836 |
| ispartof | Nature (London), 2023-07, Vol.619 (7968), p.41-45H |
| issn | 0028-0836 1476-4687 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2834505769 |
| source | SpringerLink Journals; Nature |
| subjects | Black holes Continuum radiation Emission Emissions Fluorescence Galaxies Luminosity Milky Way Molecular clouds Polarimetry Polarization Seyfert galaxies X ray imagery X ray reflection X-ray astronomy X-ray emissions X-rays |
| title | X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-yearold flare of Sgr A |
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