Direct and Indirect Drivers of Energy and Nutrient Availability in Freshwater Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales

Freshwater ecosystems reflect the landscapes in which they are embedded. The biogeochemistry of these systems is fundamentally linked to climate and watershed processes that control fluxes of water and the mobilization of energy and nutrients imprinting as variation in stream water chemistry. Disent...

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Veröffentlicht in:Global biogeochemical cycles 2023-05, Vol.37 (5), p.n/a
Hauptverfasser: Fazekas, Hannah M., Brun, Julien, Wymore, Adam S.
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Brun, Julien
Wymore, Adam S.
description Freshwater ecosystems reflect the landscapes in which they are embedded. The biogeochemistry of these systems is fundamentally linked to climate and watershed processes that control fluxes of water and the mobilization of energy and nutrients imprinting as variation in stream water chemistry. Disentangling these processes is difficult as they operate at multiple scales varying across space. We examined the relative importance of climate, soil, and watershed characteristics in mediating direct and indirect pathways that influence carbon and nitrogen availability in streams and rivers across spatial scales. Our data set comprised landscape and climatic variables and 37,995 chemistry measurements of carbon and nitrogen across 459 streams and rivers spanning the continental United States. Models explained a small fraction of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at the continental scale (25% and 6%, respectively) but 61% and 40%, respectively, at smaller spatial scales. Hydrometeorological processes were always important in mediating the availability of solutes but the mechanistic implications were variable across spatial scales. The influence of hydrometeorology on concentrations was often not direct, rather it was mediated by soil characteristics for carbon and watershed characteristics for nitrogen. For example, the seasonality of precipitation was often important in determining carbon concentrations through its influence on soil moisture at biogeoclimatic spatial scales, whereas it had a direct influence on concentrations at the continental scale. Our results suggest that hydrometeorological forcing remains the consistent driver of energy and nutrient concentrations but the mechanism influencing patterns varies across broad spatial scales. Plain Language Summary Streams and rivers drain watersheds and carry material to downstream ecosystems. We know that climate, soil, and watershed processes are important for transporting elements from land to water, but we do not understand which process is more important and how it may affect the transfer of material under different contexts. We examined the relative importance of the direct and indirect influence of these drivers on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams and rivers at regional to continental scales. We showed that at broad and regional spatial scales, only a small fraction of the variance in carbon and nitrogen concentrations were explained, highlighting the complexity of these systems. Carbon c
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The biogeochemistry of these systems is fundamentally linked to climate and watershed processes that control fluxes of water and the mobilization of energy and nutrients imprinting as variation in stream water chemistry. Disentangling these processes is difficult as they operate at multiple scales varying across space. We examined the relative importance of climate, soil, and watershed characteristics in mediating direct and indirect pathways that influence carbon and nitrogen availability in streams and rivers across spatial scales. Our data set comprised landscape and climatic variables and 37,995 chemistry measurements of carbon and nitrogen across 459 streams and rivers spanning the continental United States. Models explained a small fraction of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at the continental scale (25% and 6%, respectively) but 61% and 40%, respectively, at smaller spatial scales. Hydrometeorological processes were always important in mediating the availability of solutes but the mechanistic implications were variable across spatial scales. The influence of hydrometeorology on concentrations was often not direct, rather it was mediated by soil characteristics for carbon and watershed characteristics for nitrogen. For example, the seasonality of precipitation was often important in determining carbon concentrations through its influence on soil moisture at biogeoclimatic spatial scales, whereas it had a direct influence on concentrations at the continental scale. Our results suggest that hydrometeorological forcing remains the consistent driver of energy and nutrient concentrations but the mechanism influencing patterns varies across broad spatial scales. Plain Language Summary Streams and rivers drain watersheds and carry material to downstream ecosystems. We know that climate, soil, and watershed processes are important for transporting elements from land to water, but we do not understand which process is more important and how it may affect the transfer of material under different contexts. We examined the relative importance of the direct and indirect influence of these drivers on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams and rivers at regional to continental scales. We showed that at broad and regional spatial scales, only a small fraction of the variance in carbon and nitrogen concentrations were explained, highlighting the complexity of these systems. Carbon concentrations were strongly associated with soil characteristics and linked to changes in connectivity driven by precipitation. In contrast, nitrogen concentrations were strongly associated with forest cover and watershed slope. Our results showcase the spatial scale at which different mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen transport operate. Key Points Structural Equation Modeling determined the influence of climate, watershed, and soil characteristics on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams Soil water content and connectivity influenced carbon concentrations at regional and continental scales, respectively Precipitation had an indirect effect on nitrogen concentrations, which was often mediated by forest and watershed slope</description><identifier>ISSN: 0886-6236</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-9224</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2022GB007580</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Aquatic ecosystems ; Availability ; Biogeochemistry ; Carbon ; carbon and nitrogen ; Carbon content ; Climate ; Climate change ; Creeks &amp; streams ; direct and indirect ; Ecosystems ; Energy ; Freshwater ; Freshwater ecosystems ; Hydrometeorology ; Imprinting ; Inland water environment ; interactions ; Landscape ; Moisture effects ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen transport ; Nutrient availability ; Nutrient concentrations ; Nutrients ; Precipitation ; Rivers ; Seasonal variations ; Seasonality ; Soil ; Soil characteristics ; Soil moisture ; Solutes ; spatial scales ; stream chemistry ; Streams ; Water chemistry ; Watersheds</subject><ispartof>Global biogeochemical cycles, 2023-05, Vol.37 (5), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2023. 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The biogeochemistry of these systems is fundamentally linked to climate and watershed processes that control fluxes of water and the mobilization of energy and nutrients imprinting as variation in stream water chemistry. Disentangling these processes is difficult as they operate at multiple scales varying across space. We examined the relative importance of climate, soil, and watershed characteristics in mediating direct and indirect pathways that influence carbon and nitrogen availability in streams and rivers across spatial scales. Our data set comprised landscape and climatic variables and 37,995 chemistry measurements of carbon and nitrogen across 459 streams and rivers spanning the continental United States. Models explained a small fraction of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at the continental scale (25% and 6%, respectively) but 61% and 40%, respectively, at smaller spatial scales. Hydrometeorological processes were always important in mediating the availability of solutes but the mechanistic implications were variable across spatial scales. The influence of hydrometeorology on concentrations was often not direct, rather it was mediated by soil characteristics for carbon and watershed characteristics for nitrogen. For example, the seasonality of precipitation was often important in determining carbon concentrations through its influence on soil moisture at biogeoclimatic spatial scales, whereas it had a direct influence on concentrations at the continental scale. Our results suggest that hydrometeorological forcing remains the consistent driver of energy and nutrient concentrations but the mechanism influencing patterns varies across broad spatial scales. Plain Language Summary Streams and rivers drain watersheds and carry material to downstream ecosystems. We know that climate, soil, and watershed processes are important for transporting elements from land to water, but we do not understand which process is more important and how it may affect the transfer of material under different contexts. We examined the relative importance of the direct and indirect influence of these drivers on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams and rivers at regional to continental scales. We showed that at broad and regional spatial scales, only a small fraction of the variance in carbon and nitrogen concentrations were explained, highlighting the complexity of these systems. Carbon concentrations were strongly associated with soil characteristics and linked to changes in connectivity driven by precipitation. In contrast, nitrogen concentrations were strongly associated with forest cover and watershed slope. Our results showcase the spatial scale at which different mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen transport operate. Key Points Structural Equation Modeling determined the influence of climate, watershed, and soil characteristics on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams Soil water content and connectivity influenced carbon concentrations at regional and continental scales, respectively Precipitation had an indirect effect on nitrogen concentrations, which was often mediated by forest and watershed slope</description><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Availability</subject><subject>Biogeochemistry</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>carbon and nitrogen</subject><subject>Carbon content</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Creeks &amp; streams</subject><subject>direct and indirect</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Freshwater ecosystems</subject><subject>Hydrometeorology</subject><subject>Imprinting</subject><subject>Inland water environment</subject><subject>interactions</subject><subject>Landscape</subject><subject>Moisture effects</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Nitrogen transport</subject><subject>Nutrient availability</subject><subject>Nutrient concentrations</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Seasonality</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil characteristics</subject><subject>Soil moisture</subject><subject>Solutes</subject><subject>spatial scales</subject><subject>stream chemistry</subject><subject>Streams</subject><subject>Water chemistry</subject><subject>Watersheds</subject><issn>0886-6236</issn><issn>1944-9224</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90MFOwzAMBuAIgcQY3HiASFwpJE6apsdtbGPSBIfBuUpTFzJ17Ui6TX17xsqBEyfL8ifb-gm55eyBM0gfgQHMx4wlsWZnZMBTKaMUQJ6TAdNaRQqEuiRXIawZ4zKO0wGpn5xH21JTF3RRF33z5N0efaBNSac1-o_uNH7Ztd5h3dLR3rjK5K5ybUddTWcew-fBtOjp1DahCy1uAh1Z34RAV1vTOlPRlTUVhmtyUZoq4M1vHZL32fRt8hwtX-eLyWgZWcGUjrjIsQCBibJcailZLnNIdFzwPMbSKqMgYQplqnWqSyyFyTG2hdalBGGZFUNy1-_d-uZrh6HN1s3O18eTGWiuEwCh06O679XpVY9ltvVuY3yXcZb9JJr9TfTIoecHV2H3r83m4wlwybX4Boo4d2Q</recordid><startdate>202305</startdate><enddate>202305</enddate><creator>Fazekas, Hannah M.</creator><creator>Brun, Julien</creator><creator>Wymore, Adam S.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-916X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-6100</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202305</creationdate><title>Direct and Indirect Drivers of Energy and Nutrient Availability in Freshwater Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales</title><author>Fazekas, Hannah M. ; 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The biogeochemistry of these systems is fundamentally linked to climate and watershed processes that control fluxes of water and the mobilization of energy and nutrients imprinting as variation in stream water chemistry. Disentangling these processes is difficult as they operate at multiple scales varying across space. We examined the relative importance of climate, soil, and watershed characteristics in mediating direct and indirect pathways that influence carbon and nitrogen availability in streams and rivers across spatial scales. Our data set comprised landscape and climatic variables and 37,995 chemistry measurements of carbon and nitrogen across 459 streams and rivers spanning the continental United States. Models explained a small fraction of carbon and nitrogen concentrations at the continental scale (25% and 6%, respectively) but 61% and 40%, respectively, at smaller spatial scales. Hydrometeorological processes were always important in mediating the availability of solutes but the mechanistic implications were variable across spatial scales. The influence of hydrometeorology on concentrations was often not direct, rather it was mediated by soil characteristics for carbon and watershed characteristics for nitrogen. For example, the seasonality of precipitation was often important in determining carbon concentrations through its influence on soil moisture at biogeoclimatic spatial scales, whereas it had a direct influence on concentrations at the continental scale. Our results suggest that hydrometeorological forcing remains the consistent driver of energy and nutrient concentrations but the mechanism influencing patterns varies across broad spatial scales. Plain Language Summary Streams and rivers drain watersheds and carry material to downstream ecosystems. We know that climate, soil, and watershed processes are important for transporting elements from land to water, but we do not understand which process is more important and how it may affect the transfer of material under different contexts. We examined the relative importance of the direct and indirect influence of these drivers on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams and rivers at regional to continental scales. We showed that at broad and regional spatial scales, only a small fraction of the variance in carbon and nitrogen concentrations were explained, highlighting the complexity of these systems. Carbon concentrations were strongly associated with soil characteristics and linked to changes in connectivity driven by precipitation. In contrast, nitrogen concentrations were strongly associated with forest cover and watershed slope. Our results showcase the spatial scale at which different mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen transport operate. Key Points Structural Equation Modeling determined the influence of climate, watershed, and soil characteristics on concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in streams Soil water content and connectivity influenced carbon concentrations at regional and continental scales, respectively Precipitation had an indirect effect on nitrogen concentrations, which was often mediated by forest and watershed slope</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2022GB007580</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-916X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-6100</orcidid></addata></record>
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subjects Aquatic ecosystems
Availability
Biogeochemistry
Carbon
carbon and nitrogen
Carbon content
Climate
Climate change
Creeks & streams
direct and indirect
Ecosystems
Energy
Freshwater
Freshwater ecosystems
Hydrometeorology
Imprinting
Inland water environment
interactions
Landscape
Moisture effects
Nitrogen
Nitrogen transport
Nutrient availability
Nutrient concentrations
Nutrients
Precipitation
Rivers
Seasonal variations
Seasonality
Soil
Soil characteristics
Soil moisture
Solutes
spatial scales
stream chemistry
Streams
Water chemistry
Watersheds
title Direct and Indirect Drivers of Energy and Nutrient Availability in Freshwater Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales
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